{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2049951403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitsr.2013070103","title":"Standards Development as Hybridization","display_name":"Standards Development as Hybridization","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2049951403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitsr.2013070103","mag":"2049951403"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4018/jitsr.2013070103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitsr.2013070103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160761372","display_name":"International Journal of IT Standards and Standardization Research","issn_l":"1539-3054","issn":["1539-3054","1539-3062"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of IT Standards and Standardization Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073489748","display_name":"Xiaobai Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8452-3172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobai Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh Business School, Edinburgh, Scotland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh Business School, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055211892","display_name":"Ian Graham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0979-4674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Graham","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh Business School, Edinburgh, Scotland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh Business School, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045720810","display_name":"James Stewart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1590-0530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Stewart","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Institute for the Study of Science, Technology and Innovation, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute for the Study of Science, Technology and Innovation, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008593714","display_name":"Robin Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9044-4611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Institute for the Study of Science, Technology and Innovation, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute for the Study of Science, Technology and Innovation, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073489748"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7997,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95124489,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"34","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10628","display_name":"China's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10628","display_name":"China's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9180999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.8999999761581421,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cdma2000","display_name":"CDMA2000","score":0.8020925521850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indigenous","display_name":"Indigenous","score":0.790131151676178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.6855902075767517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.544381320476532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/td-scdma","display_name":"TD-SCDMA","score":0.48976922035217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4801137447357178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3811829090118408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32813596725463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2897770404815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Code division multiple access","score":0.28593242168426514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39183613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1023122","display_name":"CDMA2000","level":3,"score":0.8020925521850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55958113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169480","display_name":"Indigenous","level":2,"score":0.790131151676178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.6855902075767517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.544381320476532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777294095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79686","display_name":"TD-SCDMA","level":3,"score":0.48976922035217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4801137447357178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3811829090118408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32813596725463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2897770404815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.28593242168426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4018/jitsr.2013070103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitsr.2013070103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160761372","display_name":"International Journal of IT Standards and Standardization Research","issn_l":"1539-3054","issn":["1539-3054","1539-3062"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of IT Standards and Standardization Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:igg:jitsr0:v:11:y:2013:i:2:p:34-45","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/jitsr.2013070103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W570266732","https://openalex.org/W581648855","https://openalex.org/W614997039","https://openalex.org/W640122992","https://openalex.org/W1518793349","https://openalex.org/W1533852122","https://openalex.org/W1563032219","https://openalex.org/W1573739548","https://openalex.org/W1970510654","https://openalex.org/W1991856581","https://openalex.org/W1992524265","https://openalex.org/W1996704000","https://openalex.org/W1998960444","https://openalex.org/W2007248885","https://openalex.org/W2011144497","https://openalex.org/W2024296300","https://openalex.org/W2030821642","https://openalex.org/W2034834592","https://openalex.org/W2039088901","https://openalex.org/W2041520807","https://openalex.org/W2050865904","https://openalex.org/W2061743192","https://openalex.org/W2069976235","https://openalex.org/W2071373234","https://openalex.org/W2074453623","https://openalex.org/W2075014437","https://openalex.org/W2077501660","https://openalex.org/W2082382023","https://openalex.org/W2107643405","https://openalex.org/W2139658848","https://openalex.org/W2153149891","https://openalex.org/W2168258408","https://openalex.org/W2403020434","https://openalex.org/W3122033129","https://openalex.org/W3142129705","https://openalex.org/W4211001841","https://openalex.org/W4241682774","https://openalex.org/W4301893845"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2517351133","https://openalex.org/W2379424388","https://openalex.org/W2361330616","https://openalex.org/W2380029447","https://openalex.org/W2130890591","https://openalex.org/W1489650505","https://openalex.org/W2378650123","https://openalex.org/W2354726272","https://openalex.org/W2355606691","https://openalex.org/W2135600016"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"users":[1,22],"in":[2,23,48,91,117],"the":[3,6,17,26,34,60,95,113,125],"rest":[4],"of":[5,29,97,130],"World":[7],"have":[8,25,88],"been":[9,52,89],"offered":[10],"3G":[11],"mobile":[12],"phones":[13,31],"based":[14,32],"on":[15,33,94],"either":[16],"CDMA2000":[18],"or":[19],"W-CDMA":[20],"standards,":[21],"China":[24],"additional":[27],"option":[28],"using":[30],"TD-SCDMA":[35,50,98],"standard.":[36],"As":[37],"a":[38,71,121],"technology":[39,74],"largely":[40],"developed":[41],"by":[42,59,65],"Chinese":[43,61,66,105],"actors":[44],"and":[45,63,73,82,85,92,112,127],"only":[46],"implemented":[47],"China,":[49],"has":[51],"seen":[53],"as":[54],"an":[55,103],"\u201cindigenous":[56],"innovation\u201d":[57],"orchestrated":[58],"government":[62],"supported":[64],"firms.":[67],"This":[68],"paper":[69],"adopts":[70],"science":[72],"studies":[75],"(STS)":[76],"framework":[77],"to":[78,120],"explore":[79],"how":[80,110],"global":[81,126],"national":[83,128],"institutional":[84],"social":[86],"elements":[87],"embedded":[90,116],"impacted":[93],"artifacts":[96],"technology.":[99],"Rather":[100],"than":[101],"being":[102],"indigenous":[104],"technology,":[106],"TD-SCDMA\u2019s":[107],"history":[108],"exemplifies":[109],"standards":[111],"intellectual":[114],"property":[115],"them":[118],"lead":[119],"complex":[122],"hybridization":[123],"between":[124],"systems":[129],"innovation.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
