{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1969039782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitpm.2010040103","title":"The Waterfall Approach and Requirement Uncertainty","display_name":"The Waterfall Approach and Requirement Uncertainty","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1969039782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitpm.2010040103","mag":"1969039782"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4018/jitpm.2010040103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitpm.2010040103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94059882","display_name":"International Journal of Information Technology Project Management","issn_l":"1938-0232","issn":["1938-0232","1938-0240"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Technology Project Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111572388","display_name":"Huub Ru\u00ebl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huub J.M. Ru\u00ebl","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Twente, The Netherlands","University of Twente, The Netherlands,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente, The Netherlands,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050670073","display_name":"Tanya Bondarouk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanya Bondarouk","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Twente, The Netherlands","University of Twente, The Netherlands,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente, The Netherlands,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029260820","display_name":"Stefan Smink","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Smink","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sodexo Altys, The Netherlands","Sodexo Altys, The Netherlands#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sodexo Altys, The Netherlands","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sodexo Altys, The Netherlands#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.514,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72608737,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"2","first_page":"43","last_page":"60"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11938","display_name":"ERP Systems Implementation and Impact","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11938","display_name":"ERP Systems Implementation and Impact","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11572","display_name":"Information Technology Governance and Strategy","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11912","display_name":"Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waterfall","display_name":"Waterfall","score":0.9432955384254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waterfall-model","display_name":"Waterfall model","score":0.7568508386611938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6661694049835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criticism","display_name":"Criticism","score":0.5494847893714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48387348651885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.446686327457428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4323224723339081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3968040943145752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3558287024497986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.33556365966796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.33304423093795776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.24059543013572693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.20889541506767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.1955060064792633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management","display_name":"Management","score":0.15753325819969177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.07463884353637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07274746894836426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121012721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34038","display_name":"Waterfall","level":2,"score":0.9432955384254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20505762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478175","display_name":"Waterfall model","level":3,"score":0.7568508386611938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6661694049835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7991579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17955","display_name":"Criticism","level":2,"score":0.5494847893714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48387348651885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.446686327457428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4323224723339081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3968040943145752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3558287024497986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.33556365966796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.33304423093795776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.24059543013572693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.20889541506767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1955060064792633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.15753325819969177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.07463884353637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07274746894836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4018/jitpm.2010040103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jitpm.2010040103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94059882","display_name":"International Journal of Information Technology Project Management","issn_l":"1938-0232","issn":["1938-0232","1938-0240"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Technology Project Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:igg:jitpm0:v:1:y:2010:i:2:p:43-60","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/jitpm.2010040103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505999675","https://openalex.org/W1512231585","https://openalex.org/W1512902557","https://openalex.org/W1529186251","https://openalex.org/W1529465401","https://openalex.org/W1544149431","https://openalex.org/W1566987732","https://openalex.org/W1585797692","https://openalex.org/W1590327229","https://openalex.org/W1965077518","https://openalex.org/W1983437148","https://openalex.org/W1987765676","https://openalex.org/W1998264665","https://openalex.org/W2002656340","https://openalex.org/W2004444028","https://openalex.org/W2015855682","https://openalex.org/W2021292127","https://openalex.org/W2026151124","https://openalex.org/W2026757198","https://openalex.org/W2028691048","https://openalex.org/W2045898843","https://openalex.org/W2049979569","https://openalex.org/W2057510058","https://openalex.org/W2062064788","https://openalex.org/W2062341521","https://openalex.org/W2067976926","https://openalex.org/W2070544504","https://openalex.org/W2077574961","https://openalex.org/W2082851560","https://openalex.org/W2092925905","https://openalex.org/W2096360482","https://openalex.org/W2101286441","https://openalex.org/W2107528494","https://openalex.org/W2113222723","https://openalex.org/W2113848838","https://openalex.org/W2132698304","https://openalex.org/W2133766618","https://openalex.org/W2135492276","https://openalex.org/W2137990236","https://openalex.org/W2143322095","https://openalex.org/W2625136742","https://openalex.org/W2752455916","https://openalex.org/W4205976648","https://openalex.org/W4289256261","https://openalex.org/W6631767708","https://openalex.org/W6656937166"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367672333","https://openalex.org/W3206992463","https://openalex.org/W4250558843","https://openalex.org/W4384202826","https://openalex.org/W2808522417","https://openalex.org/W2377167434","https://openalex.org/W315570438","https://openalex.org/W4312475296","https://openalex.org/W3110264322","https://openalex.org/W3129167933"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,33],"Waterfall":[1,63],"approach":[2,7,38],"has":[3],"been":[4],"the":[5,14,49,69,75],"dominant":[6],"for":[8],"enterprise":[9],"systems":[10],"(ES)":[11],"implementation":[12,66],"since":[13],"1970s.":[15],"It":[16],"offers":[17],"ES":[18,27,65],"project":[19,67],"managers":[20],"a":[21,62],"simple,":[22],"step-by-step":[23],"way":[24],"to":[25],"make":[26],"projects":[28],"manageable":[29],"and":[30,90],"minimize":[31],"drawbacks.":[32],"main":[34],"criticism":[35],"of":[36,56,61,72,74],"this":[37,47,52,80],"centres":[39],"on":[40],"its":[41],"inflexibility":[42],"regarding":[43],"requirement":[44],"uncertainty.":[45],"In":[46],"article,":[48],"authors":[50],"challenge":[51],"criticism.":[53],"By":[54],"means":[55],"an":[57],"in-depth":[58],"case":[59],"study":[60],"approach-based":[64],"within":[68],"maintenance":[70],"department":[71],"one":[73],"world\u2019s":[76],"biggest":[77],"airline":[78],"companies,":[79],"article":[81],"will":[82],"illustrate":[83],"how":[84],"it":[85],"deals":[86],"with":[87],"requirements":[88],"uncertainty":[89],"required":[91],"flexibility":[92],"in":[93],"practice.":[94]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T06:19:23.411458","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}