{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1970113425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2008070101","title":"A Multiple-Bits Watermark for Relational Data","display_name":"A Multiple-Bits Watermark for Relational Data","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1970113425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2008070101","mag":"1970113425"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4018/jdm.2008070101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2008070101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73024538","display_name":"Journal of Database Management","issn_l":"1063-8016","issn":["1063-8016","1533-8010"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Database Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/794","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045050946","display_name":"Yingjiu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8256-6988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjiu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore","Singapore Management University, SINGAPORE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, SINGAPORE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027618460","display_name":"Huiping Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6695-2982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27825529","display_name":"California State University Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/0294hxs80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27825529"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huiping Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["California State University at Los Angeles, USA","California State University at Los Angeles , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California State University at Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27825529"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"California State University at Los Angeles , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27825529"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100599251","display_name":"Shuhong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5251-8704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuhong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wollongong, Australia","Univ. of Wollongong, Australia#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wollongong, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Wollongong, Australia#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3424,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86852399,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8869972229003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copying","display_name":"Copying","score":0.8124016523361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.7227991819381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.7046140432357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6885021924972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6489594578742981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-database","display_name":"Relational database","score":0.5723152160644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.553279459476471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5078697800636292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.5028795599937439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secret-sharing","display_name":"Secret sharing","score":0.4648897051811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.2732570767402649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22644665837287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1164228618144989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.09411314129829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.07337987422943115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8869972229003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779151265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156791","display_name":"Copying","level":2,"score":0.8124016523361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.7227991819381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.7046140432357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6885021924972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6489594578742981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5655090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192588","display_name":"Relational database","level":2,"score":0.5723152160644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.553279459476471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5078697800636292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.5028795599937439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3087436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1386603","display_name":"Secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.4648897051811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2732570767402649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22644665837287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1164228618144989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.09411314129829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.07337987422943115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4018/jdm.2008070101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2008070101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73024538","display_name":"Journal of Database Management","issn_l":"1063-8016","issn":["1063-8016","1533-8010"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Database Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-1793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2008070101","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ro.uow.edu.au:engpapers-6067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ro.uow.edu.au/engpapers/3136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400510","display_name":"Research Online (University of Wollongong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","host_organization_name":"University of Wollongong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)","raw_type":"book_contribution"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:igg:jdm000:v:19:y:2008:i:3:p:1-21","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/jdm.2008070101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-1793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2008070101","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W1514507288","https://openalex.org/W2183032046"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"At":[0],"the":[1,4,21,42,54,82,91,118,121],"heart":[2],"of":[3,44,47,117,120],"information":[5,37,56],"economy,":[6],"commercially":[7],"and":[8,149],"publicly":[9],"useful":[10],"databases":[11,39,49],"must":[12],"be":[13,51],"sufficiently":[14],"protected":[15,48],"from":[16,99,109],"pirated":[17,32,45,110],"copying.":[18],"Complementary":[19],"to":[20,30,71,127,133,142],"Database":[22],"Protection":[23],"Act,":[24],"database":[25,75,128],"watermarking":[26,64],"techniques":[27],"are":[28],"designed":[29],"thwart":[31,134],"copying":[33],"by":[34],"embedding":[35,67],"owner-specific":[36],"into":[38],"so":[40],"that":[41,84,93],"ownership":[43],"copies":[46],"can":[50],"claimed":[52],"if":[53],"embedded":[55],"is":[57,79,97,107,115,125,139],"detected.":[58],"This":[59,112],"article":[60],"presents":[61],"a":[62,68,94,103],"robust":[63,80],"scheme":[65,78,124,138],"for":[66,90,145,150],"multiple-bits":[69],"watermark":[70,96],"numerical":[72],"attributes":[73,132],"in":[74,81],"relations.":[76],"The":[77,123,137],"sense":[83],"it":[85],"provides":[86],"an":[87],"upper":[88,113],"bound":[89,114],"probability":[92],"valid":[95],"detected":[98],"unmarked":[100],"data,":[101],"or":[102],"fictitious":[104],"secret":[105],"key":[106],"discovered":[108],"data.":[111,122],"independent":[116],"size":[119],"extended":[126,141],"relations":[129],"without":[130],"primary-key":[131],"attribute-related":[135],"attacks.":[136],"also":[140],"multiple":[143],"watermarks":[144],"defending":[146],"additive":[147],"attacks":[148],"proving":[151],"joint":[152],"ownership.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
