{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1991550997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2001010103","title":"Unified Modeling Language","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1991550997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2001010103","mag":"1991550997"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4018/jdm.2001010103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2001010103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73024538","display_name":"Journal of Database Management","issn_l":"1063-8016","issn":["1063-8016","1533-8010"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Database Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013335372","display_name":"Keng Siau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8139-4467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keng Siau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110364319","display_name":"Qing Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0684-4912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.3455,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":172,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99285334,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"26","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9319000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9319000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9189000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-uml","display_name":"Applications of UML","score":0.9019381403923035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uml-tool","display_name":"UML tool","score":0.8939751386642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-constraint-language","display_name":"Object Constraint Language","score":0.8301552534103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7759153842926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-modeling-language","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","score":0.7704398036003113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-diagram","display_name":"Class diagram","score":0.7273879051208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-modeling-language","display_name":"Systems Modeling Language","score":0.6513255834579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6041129231452942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modeling-language","display_name":"Modeling language","score":0.4511798620223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-diagram","display_name":"Communication diagram","score":0.4423457086086273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3595461845397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.2909238338470459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41298492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781506","display_name":"Applications of UML","level":4,"score":0.9019381403923035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146939238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2467310","display_name":"UML tool","level":4,"score":0.8939751386642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133264317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397689","display_name":"Object Constraint Language","level":5,"score":0.8301552534103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7759153842926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145644426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","level":3,"score":0.7704398036003113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202446494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664166","display_name":"Class diagram","level":4,"score":0.7273879051208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21285288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2117885","display_name":"Systems Modeling Language","level":4,"score":0.6513255834579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6041129231452942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.4511798620223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48419115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q950859","display_name":"Communication diagram","level":5,"score":0.4423457086086273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3595461845397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2909238338470459}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4018/jdm.2001010103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2001010103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73024538","display_name":"Journal of Database Management","issn_l":"1063-8016","issn":["1063-8016","1533-8010"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Database Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:igg:jdm000:v:12:y:2001:i:1:p:26-34","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/jdm.2001010103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016512416","https://openalex.org/W1590042856","https://openalex.org/W3133056648","https://openalex.org/W2387087283","https://openalex.org/W2139608660","https://openalex.org/W2259842142","https://openalex.org/W4240252046","https://openalex.org/W4283214253","https://openalex.org/W2382782442","https://openalex.org/W104935800"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unified":[0],"Modeling":[1],"Language":[2],"(UML)":[3],"has":[4,43],"emerged":[5],"as":[6,37,192],"the":[7,15,27,38,58,68,92,106,134,158],"software":[8,30],"industry\u2019s":[9],"dominant":[10],"modeling":[11,18,40],"language.":[12],"It":[13],"is":[14,50,143,180,196],"de":[16],"facto":[17],"language":[19,93],"standard":[20,39],"for":[21],"specifying,":[22],"visualizing,":[23],"constructing,":[24],"and":[25,35,52,67,148],"documenting":[26],"components":[28],"of":[29,60,71,117,136,152,157,162],"systems.":[31],"Despite":[32],"its":[33,44,88],"prominence":[34],"status":[36],"language,":[41],"UML":[42,66,81,101,118,123,137,153,163,179,195],"critics.":[45],"Opponents":[46],"argue":[47],"that":[48,80,175],"it":[49],"complex":[51,184,198,203],"difficult":[53],"to":[54,86,112,121,144],"learn.":[55],"Some":[56],"question":[57],"rationale":[59],"having":[61],"nine":[62,73],"diagramming":[63],"techniques":[64,74,167,186],"in":[65,75,105,178,187],"raison":[69],"d\u2019\u00eatre":[70],"those":[72],"UML.":[76],"Others":[77],"point":[78],"out":[79],"lacks":[82],"a":[83,114,146,193],"comprehensive":[84],"methodology":[85],"guide":[87],"users,":[89],"which":[90],"makes":[91],"even":[94],"more":[95,183,202],"convoluted.":[96],"A":[97,155],"few":[98],"studies":[99],"on":[100],"can":[102],"be":[103],"found":[104],"literature.":[107],"However,":[108],"no":[109],"study":[110],"exists":[111],"provide":[113,145],"quantitative":[115,150],"measure":[116,151],"complexity":[119,135,139,159],"or":[120],"compare":[122],"with":[124,164],"other":[125,165,188,205],"object":[126],"oriented":[127],"techniques.":[128],"In":[129],"this":[130],"research,":[131],"we":[132],"evaluate":[133],"using":[138],"metrics.":[140],"The":[141],"objective":[142],"reliable":[147],"accurate":[149],"complexity.":[154],"comparison":[156],"metrical":[160],"values":[161],"object-oriented":[166],"was":[168],"also":[169],"carried":[170],"out.":[171],"Our":[172],"findings":[173],"suggest":[174],"each":[176],"diagram":[177],"not":[181],"distinctly":[182],"than":[185,204],"OO":[189,206],"methods.":[190,207],"But":[191],"whole,":[194],"very":[197],"-":[199],"2-11":[200],"times":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
