{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2086975802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jdcf.2011100103","title":"Lightweight Steganalysis Based on Image Reconstruction and Lead Digit Distribution Analysis","display_name":"Lightweight Steganalysis Based on Image Reconstruction and Lead Digit Distribution Analysis","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2086975802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jdcf.2011100103","mag":"2086975802"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4018/jdcf.2011100103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jdcf.2011100103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8943243","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics","issn_l":"1941-6210","issn":["1941-6210","1941-6229"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002062357","display_name":"Alexandros Zaharis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","display_name":"University of Thessaly","ror":"https://ror.org/04v4g9h31","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexandros Zaharis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Thessaly, Greece","University of Thessaly, Greece, ,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Thessaly, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Thessaly, Greece, ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070047145","display_name":"Adamantini Martini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115690","display_name":"Siemens (Greece)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpejc28","country_code":"GR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210115690"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adamantini Martini","raw_affiliation_strings":["SIEMENS SA, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SIEMENS SA, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115690"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084471326","display_name":"Theo Tryfonas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4024-8003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theo Tryfonas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bristol, UK","Cryptography and Information Security"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cryptography and Information Security","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019557941","display_name":"Christos Ilioudis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8084-4339"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Ilioudis","raw_affiliation_strings":["ATEI of Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ATEI of Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110629403","display_name":"G. Pangalos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Pangalos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece","Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002062357"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5151,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69238872,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"29","last_page":"41"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13720","display_name":"Benford\u2019s Law and Fraud Detection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganalysis","display_name":"Steganalysis","score":0.9715461134910583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.8529743552207947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8221871852874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jpeg","display_name":"JPEG","score":0.5926905274391174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5514814853668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.5327135920524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5032643675804138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4776548147201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4762556552886963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.453172504901886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.4205201268196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3640298843383789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32681989669799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16347438097000122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.12629181146621704}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107368093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448176","display_name":"Steganalysis","level":4,"score":0.9715461134910583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.8529743552207947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8221871852874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198751489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2195","display_name":"JPEG","level":3,"score":0.5926905274391174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5514814853668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.5327135920524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5032643675804138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4776548147201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4762556552886963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.453172504901886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.4205201268196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3640298843383789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32681989669799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16347438097000122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.12629181146621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4018/jdcf.2011100103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jdcf.2011100103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8943243","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics","issn_l":"1941-6210","issn":["1941-6210","1941-6229"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:igg:jdcf00:v:3:y:2011:i:4:p:29-41","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/jdcf.2011100103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lib.uth.gr:11615/34807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11615/34807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400243","display_name":"University of Thessaly Institutional Repository (University of Thessaly)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","host_organization_name":"University of Thessaly","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84860507210&amp;partnerID=40&amp;md5=aefeb91e57f6a322a76a0bbcfcb046f5","raw_type":"journalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W161717461","https://openalex.org/W1553122959","https://openalex.org/W1571378769","https://openalex.org/W1998058925","https://openalex.org/W2003158159","https://openalex.org/W2044854736","https://openalex.org/W2096050104","https://openalex.org/W2120024458","https://openalex.org/W2120400964","https://openalex.org/W6633070227"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148973528","https://openalex.org/W2939392096","https://openalex.org/W4243922849","https://openalex.org/W2106726851","https://openalex.org/W4309385482","https://openalex.org/W3154843532","https://openalex.org/W2160587766","https://openalex.org/W2241212938","https://openalex.org/W2357125417","https://openalex.org/W1529294424"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,15,23,74,107,118,155],"novel":[4],"method":[5,180],"of":[6,20,25,32,40,76,80,84,114,127,147,154,171,176,193],"JPEG":[7],"image":[8,47,63,97],"Steganalysis,":[9],"driven":[10],"by":[11],"the":[12,33,54,81,92,95,104,112,115,125,137,145,152,162,172,177,191],"need":[13],"for":[14,190],"quick":[16],"and":[17,94,130],"accurate":[18],"identification":[19],"stego-carriers":[21],"from":[22],"collection":[24],"files,":[26],"where":[27],"there":[28],"is":[29,48,60,65,88,106,140,166,174],"no":[30],"knowledge":[31],"steganography":[34,149],"algorithm":[35,56],"used,":[36],"nor":[37],"previous":[38],"database":[39],"suspect":[41],"carrier":[42],"files":[43],"created.":[44],"The":[45,109,169,179],"suspicious":[46,93],"analyzed":[49],"in":[50,68,99,185],"order":[51,69,100,186],"to":[52,70,101,142,187],"identify":[53],"encoding":[55],"while":[57],"various":[58],"meta-data":[59],"retrieved.":[61],"An":[62],"file":[64,98],"then":[66],"reconstructed":[67,96],"be":[71,183,188],"used":[72,189],"as":[73,199],"measure":[75],"comparison.":[77],"A":[78],"generalization":[79],"basic":[82],"principles":[83],"Benford\u2019s":[85],"Law":[86],"distribution":[87],"applied":[89],"on":[90],"both":[91],"decide":[102],"whether":[103],"target":[105],"stego-carrier.":[108],"authors":[110],"demonstrate":[111],"effectiveness":[113],"technique":[116],"with":[117],"steganalytic":[119],"tool":[120],"that":[121,136],"can":[122,182],"blindly":[123],"detect":[124,144],"use":[126,146,153],"JPHide/JPseek/JPHSWin,":[128],"Camouflage":[129],"Invisible":[131],"Secrets.":[132],"Experimental":[133],"results":[134],"show":[135],"steganalysis":[138],"scheme":[139],"able":[141],"efficiently":[143],"different":[148,194],"algorithms":[150],"without":[151],"time":[156],"consuming":[157],"training":[158],"step,":[159],"even":[160],"if":[161],"embedding":[163],"data":[164],"rate":[165],"very":[167],"low.":[168],"accuracy":[170],"detector":[173],"independent":[175],"payload.":[178],"described":[181],"generalized":[184],"detection":[192],"type":[195],"images":[196],"which":[197],"act":[198],"stego-carriers.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
