{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2164502585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2012010102","title":"Financial Impact of Information Security Breaches on Breached Firms and their Non-Breached Competitors","display_name":"Financial Impact of Information Security Breaches on Breached Firms and their Non-Breached Competitors","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2164502585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2012010102","mag":"2164502585"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4018/irmj.2012010102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2012010102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S114639657","display_name":"Information Resources Management Journal","issn_l":"1040-1628","issn":["1040-1628","1533-7979"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Resources Management Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024436217","display_name":"Humayun Zafar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9936-9753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","display_name":"Kennesaw State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jeqjx33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Humayun Zafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kennesaw State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kennesaw State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110688020","display_name":"Myung Ko","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myung Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110632497","display_name":"Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Commonwealth University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Commonwealth University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024436217"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4085,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94844991,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"21","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitor-analysis","display_name":"Competitor analysis","score":0.7912254333496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-breach","display_name":"Data breach","score":0.7668040990829468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.7120192646980286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.5529777407646179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5059651732444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"Competition (biology)","score":0.5038468241691589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","score":0.4314040541648865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3182651698589325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.2541826665401459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.07417836785316467}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127576917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624630","display_name":"Competitor analysis","level":2,"score":0.7912254333496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165609540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172486","display_name":"Data breach","level":2,"score":0.7668040990829468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.7120192646980286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.5529777407646179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5059651732444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5038468241691589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.4314040541648865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3182651698589325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.2541826665401459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.07417836785316467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4018/irmj.2012010102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2012010102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S114639657","display_name":"Information Resources Management Journal","issn_l":"1040-1628","issn":["1040-1628","1533-7979"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Resources Management Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu:facpubs-3480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/facpubs/2476","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196456","display_name":"DigitalCommons - Kennesaw State University (Kennesaw State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","host_organization_name":"Kennesaw State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Articles","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:igg:rmj000:v:25:y:2012:i:1:p:21-37","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/irmj.2012010102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311096","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84450104","https://openalex.org/W1487531252","https://openalex.org/W1501321335","https://openalex.org/W1536204122","https://openalex.org/W1566168400","https://openalex.org/W1598862591","https://openalex.org/W1863670505","https://openalex.org/W1965462086","https://openalex.org/W1966875048","https://openalex.org/W1966884856","https://openalex.org/W1972062587","https://openalex.org/W1972544775","https://openalex.org/W1982847337","https://openalex.org/W1983153610","https://openalex.org/W1990414895","https://openalex.org/W1994307103","https://openalex.org/W1995887938","https://openalex.org/W1996548767","https://openalex.org/W1997603734","https://openalex.org/W2008719454","https://openalex.org/W2034015862","https://openalex.org/W2040494307","https://openalex.org/W2042984043","https://openalex.org/W2061376642","https://openalex.org/W2069134832","https://openalex.org/W2091722306","https://openalex.org/W2101346776","https://openalex.org/W2102748455","https://openalex.org/W2118345908","https://openalex.org/W2122644825","https://openalex.org/W2124532504","https://openalex.org/W2151224512","https://openalex.org/W2160258502","https://openalex.org/W2162767005","https://openalex.org/W2171113940","https://openalex.org/W2916878874","https://openalex.org/W3110040148","https://openalex.org/W3123647422","https://openalex.org/W3124243881","https://openalex.org/W4230474071","https://openalex.org/W4246233050","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6601810744","https://openalex.org/W6683716699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2768297557","https://openalex.org/W2353197970","https://openalex.org/W1925296708","https://openalex.org/W3159280571","https://openalex.org/W2187749057","https://openalex.org/W2297182430","https://openalex.org/W64390563","https://openalex.org/W2130525408","https://openalex.org/W4352978537","https://openalex.org/W3195871191"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Information":[0],"security":[1,21,55,74,102,133,157],"breaches":[2,56,75,103,134],"pose":[3],"a":[4,40,46],"growing":[5],"threat":[6],"to":[7],"organizations":[8],"and":[9,33,79,87,111],"individuals,":[10],"particularly":[11],"those":[12],"that":[13,117,129],"are":[14],"heavily":[15],"involved":[16],"in":[17],"e-business/e-commerce.":[18],"An":[19],"information":[20,54,73,101,126,132,151],"breach":[22],"can":[23],"have":[24,118],"wide-ranging":[25],"impacts,":[26],"including":[27],"influencing":[28],"the":[29,37,58,61,67,88,90,94,123,136,147],"behaviors":[30],"of":[31,39,51,53,60,70,100,105,146,149,156,164],"competitors":[32],"vice":[34],"versa":[35],"within":[36],"context":[38],"competitive":[41],"marketplace.":[42],"Therefore,":[43],"there":[44],"is":[45],"need":[47],"for":[48,85,153],"further":[49],"exploration":[50],"implications":[52],"beyond":[57],"focus":[59,96],"breached":[62,77],"firm.":[63],"This":[64],"study":[65,121,141],"investigates":[66],"financial":[68],"impact":[69],"publicly":[71],"announced":[72],"on":[76,97],"firms":[78],"their":[80],"non-breached":[81],"competitors.":[82],"While":[83],"controlling":[84],"size":[86],"industry":[89],"firm":[91],"operates":[92],"in,":[93],"authors":[95,124,160],"specific":[98],"types":[99,155],"(Denial":[104],"Service,":[106],"Website":[107],"Defacement,":[108],"Data":[109,112],"Theft,":[110],"Corruption).":[113],"Unlike":[114],"previous":[115],"studies":[116],"used":[119],"event":[120],"methodology,":[122],"investigate":[125],"transfer":[127,152],"effects":[128],"result":[130],"from":[131],"using":[135],"matched":[137],"sampling":[138],"method.":[139],"The":[140,159],"reveals":[142],"statistically":[143],"significant":[144],"evidence":[145,163,170],"presence":[148],"intra-industry":[150],"some":[154],"breaches.":[158],"also":[161],"found":[162],"contagion":[165],"effects,":[166],"but":[167],"no":[168],"similar":[169],"concerning":[171],"competition":[172],"effect.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}