{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2947362184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijtd.2019070101","title":"Standardization of Handwritten Words to Improve Readability","display_name":"Standardization of Handwritten Words to Improve Readability","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2947362184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijtd.2019070101","mag":"2947362184"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4018/ijtd.2019070101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijtd.2019070101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190331851","display_name":"International Journal of Technology Diffusion","issn_l":"1947-9301","issn":["1947-9301","1947-931X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Technology Diffusion","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056597484","display_name":"Urmila Shrawankar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4523-9501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133978751","display_name":"Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University","ror":"https://ror.org/04esgv207","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133978751"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Urmila Shrawankar","raw_affiliation_strings":["GHRCE, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur (MS), Nagpur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4523-9501","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GHRCE, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur (MS), Nagpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133978751"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056597484"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133978751"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04084432,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.9295692443847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"Readability","score":0.8190198540687561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7902697920799255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.7309945821762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alphabet","display_name":"Alphabet","score":0.6645409464836121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6155386567115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5868942141532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5330020189285278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.5308374166488647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4277804493904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typography","display_name":"Typography","score":0.41699719429016113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3837296962738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3385867476463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.2717536687850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.16537460684776306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.14846578240394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising","display_name":"Advertising","score":0.08990076184272766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.9295692443847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.8190198540687561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7902697920799255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.7309945821762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112876837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837518","display_name":"Alphabet","level":2,"score":0.6645409464836121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6155386567115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5868942141532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5330020189285278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.5308374166488647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4277804493904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166422571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159964","display_name":"Typography","level":2,"score":0.41699719429016113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3837296962738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3385867476463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2717536687850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.16537460684776306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.14846578240394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.08990076184272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4018/ijtd.2019070101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijtd.2019070101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190331851","display_name":"International Journal of Technology Diffusion","issn_l":"1947-9301","issn":["1947-9301","1947-931X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Technology Diffusion","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:igg:jtd000:v:10:y:2019:i:3:p:1-17","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/IJTD.2019070101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W211715088","https://openalex.org/W259531362","https://openalex.org/W1556125378","https://openalex.org/W1761421465","https://openalex.org/W2037343673","https://openalex.org/W2090855106","https://openalex.org/W2111948152","https://openalex.org/W2119723957","https://openalex.org/W2122585011","https://openalex.org/W2137575200","https://openalex.org/W2168270109","https://openalex.org/W2186079499","https://openalex.org/W2311245881","https://openalex.org/W2430126605","https://openalex.org/W2466252026","https://openalex.org/W2537353704","https://openalex.org/W3184922589","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4292153301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2732496052","https://openalex.org/W4238888966","https://openalex.org/W3003949997","https://openalex.org/W3199359807","https://openalex.org/W2110485610","https://openalex.org/W3047607512","https://openalex.org/W4390983538","https://openalex.org/W2744690920","https://openalex.org/W2787081548","https://openalex.org/W183832189"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Everyone":[0],"has":[1],"different":[2,17],"handwriting,":[3],"and":[4],"this":[5],"is":[6,54,73],"a":[7,26,50,65],"difficulty":[8],"since":[9],"not":[10],"everyone":[11],"can":[12],"discern":[13],"the":[14,31,33,41,47,57],"handwriting":[15,24],"of":[16,40,67,79],"people.":[18],"The":[19],"described":[20],"technique":[21],"converts":[22],"unstructured":[23],"into":[25,49,81],"structured":[27],"type.":[28,52],"To":[29],"resolve":[30],"problem,":[32],"authors":[34],"want":[35],"to":[36,45,55,75],"separate":[37],"every":[38],"letter":[39],"words":[42],"so":[43],"as":[44],"converting":[46],"alphabet":[48],"commonplace":[51],"This":[53,62],"simplify":[56],"written":[58],"language":[59],"for":[60],"everyone.":[61],"article":[63],"presents":[64],"piece":[66],"text":[68],"identification":[69],"from":[70],"image.":[71],"OCR":[72],"enforced":[74],"convert":[76],"electronic":[77],"kind":[78],"image":[80],"machine-editable":[82],"text.":[83]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
