{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3005676528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijskd.2020040103","title":"Effect of Controlling Parameters of Tone Reservation Based on Null Subcarriers (TRNS) on the Performance of OFDM Systems","display_name":"Effect of Controlling Parameters of Tone Reservation Based on Null Subcarriers (TRNS) on the Performance of OFDM Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3005676528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijskd.2020040103","mag":"3005676528"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4018/ijskd.2020040103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijskd.2020040103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177842713","display_name":"International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development","issn_l":"1941-6253","issn":["1941-6253","1941-6261"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004236563","display_name":"Mohamed Mounir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9929-7224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120363","display_name":"Higher Institute of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02pyw9g57","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120363"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Mounir","raw_affiliation_strings":["El-Gazeera High Institute (EGI) for Engineering and Technology, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"El-Gazeera High Institute (EGI) for Engineering and Technology, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016702095","display_name":"Mohamed B. El Mashade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-3286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184834183","display_name":"Al-Azhar University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fnp1145","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184834183"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Bakry El Mashade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184834183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004236563"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120363"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01025198,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"45","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11873","display_name":"PAPR reduction in OFDM","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11873","display_name":"PAPR reduction in OFDM","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9599000215530396,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.95169997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.8155471682548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.5344091653823853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tone","display_name":"Tone (literature)","score":0.5296993851661682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5189244747161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-selectivity","display_name":"Frequency selectivity","score":0.5059594511985779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reservation","display_name":"Reservation","score":0.4961753785610199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.49110960960388184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/null","display_name":"Null (SQL)","score":0.47513559460639954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43609052896499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.42922234535217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.4154640734195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39531952142715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.33709442615509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.30790242552757263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.29913079738616943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.1410473883152008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.13442841172218323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1239641010761261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.07447159290313721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.8155471682548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.5344091653823853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780583480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366327","display_name":"Tone (literature)","level":2,"score":0.5296993851661682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5189244747161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909008984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108584245","display_name":"Frequency selectivity","level":2,"score":0.5059594511985779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777632111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1937518","display_name":"Reservation","level":2,"score":0.4961753785610199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49110960960388184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203763787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371029","display_name":"Null (SQL)","level":2,"score":0.47513559460639954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43609052896499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.42922234535217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.4154640734195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39531952142715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33709442615509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.30790242552757263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.29913079738616943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.1410473883152008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.13442841172218323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1239641010761261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.07447159290313721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4018/ijskd.2020040103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijskd.2020040103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177842713","display_name":"International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development","issn_l":"1941-6253","issn":["1941-6253","1941-6261"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:igg:jskd00:v:12:y:2020:i:2:p:45-62","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/IJSKD.2020040103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1646736139","https://openalex.org/W1964928683","https://openalex.org/W2002168623","https://openalex.org/W2031653048","https://openalex.org/W2047030314","https://openalex.org/W2048819044","https://openalex.org/W2072581565","https://openalex.org/W2081741996","https://openalex.org/W2091899804","https://openalex.org/W2136412056","https://openalex.org/W2240701935","https://openalex.org/W2287588827","https://openalex.org/W2576530948","https://openalex.org/W2769478995","https://openalex.org/W2793844063","https://openalex.org/W2914634915","https://openalex.org/W2914778167","https://openalex.org/W2942289697","https://openalex.org/W2943376729","https://openalex.org/W4247771143"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379215383","https://openalex.org/W2271928667","https://openalex.org/W1994860013","https://openalex.org/W3210156514","https://openalex.org/W2387553833","https://openalex.org/W2131387076","https://openalex.org/W2381833100","https://openalex.org/W907625775","https://openalex.org/W4312072103","https://openalex.org/W2998610685"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High":[0,16],"data":[1],"rate":[2],"communication":[3],"systems":[4],"usually":[5],"implement":[6],"Orthogonal":[7],"Frequency":[8],"Division":[9],"Multiplexing":[10],"(OFDM)":[11],"to":[12,18,49,71,119,161,174,184,197,202,212,220,228],"face":[13],"frequency":[14],"selectivity.":[15],"Peak":[17],"Average":[19],"Power":[20,44],"Ratio":[21],"(PAPR)":[22],"is":[23,57,80,99,126,140,244],"an":[24],"OFDM":[25,39],"disadvantage":[26],"that":[27,77],"causes":[28],"Bit":[29],"Error":[30],"Rate":[31],"(BER)":[32],"degradation":[33],"and":[34,114,154,169],"out-of-band":[35],"(OOB)":[36],"radiation":[37],"when":[38],"signal":[40],"pass":[41],"through":[42],"nonlinear":[43],"Amplifier":[45],"(PA).":[46],"In":[47,159],"order":[48,160],"overcome":[50],"this":[51],"problem":[52],"larger":[53],"Input":[54],"Back-Off":[55],"(IBO)":[56],"required.":[58],"However,":[59,217],"large":[60],"IBO":[61,173],"decreases":[62],"the":[63,73,111,127,132,171,176,186,199,203,222],"PA":[64,78],"efficiency.":[65],"PAPR":[66,83,163,250],"reduction":[67,84,148,164],"techniques":[68],"are":[69,86],"used":[70],"reduce":[72,170,198],"required":[74,172],"IBO,":[75],"so":[76],"efficiency":[79],"saved.":[81],"Several":[82],"methods":[85],"introduced":[87],"in":[88,110,240],"literature,":[89],"among":[90],"them":[91],"Tone":[92,104],"Reservation":[93,105],"based":[94],"on":[95],"Null":[96],"Subcarriers":[97],"(TRNS)":[98],"downward":[100,134],"compatible":[101,135],"version":[102],"of":[103,131,138,146,156,188,215,232,242],"(TR)":[106],"with":[107],"small":[108],"excess":[109],"average":[112,204],"power":[113,178],"low":[115],"computational":[116],"complexity":[117],"compared":[118],"others.":[120],"As":[121],"will":[122],"be":[123],"shown,":[124],"TRNS":[125,139],"best":[128],"practical":[129],"one":[130],"four":[133],"techniques.":[136],"Performance":[137],"controlled":[141],"by":[142],"three":[143],"parameters;":[144],"number":[145,155,214,231,241],"peak":[147],"tones":[149],"(PRTs),":[150],"predefined":[151],"threshold":[152,200],"(Amax),":[153],"iterations":[157,233,243],"(Itr).":[158],"increase":[162,213,239],"gain,":[165],"enhance":[166],"BER":[167],"performance,":[168],"follow":[175],"given":[177],"spectral":[179],"density":[180],"(PSD),":[181],"we":[182,195,210,218,226],"have":[183,196,211,219,227],"choose":[185,229],"values":[187],"these":[189],"parameters":[190],"adequately.":[191],"Results":[192],"showed":[193],"that,":[194],"value":[201],"(i.e.":[205],"Amax":[206],"=0":[207],"dB).":[208],"Also,":[209],"PRTs.":[216],"maintain":[221],"spectrum":[223],"shape.":[224],"Finally,":[225],"moderate":[230],"(e.g.":[234],"Itr":[235],"\u224850),":[236],"as":[237],"excessive":[238],"not":[245],"useful,":[246],"especially":[247],"at":[248],"high":[249],"values.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}