{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2896090463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijdcf.2019010102","title":"A Universal Image Forensics of Smoothing Filtering","display_name":"A Universal Image Forensics of Smoothing Filtering","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2896090463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijdcf.2019010102","mag":"2896090463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4018/ijdcf.2019010102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijdcf.2019010102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8943243","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics","issn_l":"1941-6210","issn":["1941-6210","1941-6229"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014092332","display_name":"Anjie Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-7536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297991670","display_name":"Southwest University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04d996474","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297991670"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anjie Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China & Guangdong Key Laboratories of Information Security Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China & Guangdong Key Laboratories of Information Security Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297991670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020803502","display_name":"Yu Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2135-7872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297991670","display_name":"Southwest University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04d996474","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297991670"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297991670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061336187","display_name":"WU Ya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1686-9715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297991670","display_name":"Southwest University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04d996474","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297991670"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yadong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297991670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100407302","display_name":"Qiong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3617-3221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077333494","display_name":"Xiangui Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3134-0353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangui Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014092332"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297991670"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3134,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62528765,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"18","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.8471121788024902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8092761039733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7109832763671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6110230088233948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-model","display_name":"Autoregressive model","score":0.5703072547912598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-blur","display_name":"Gaussian blur","score":0.5384514331817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5219442248344421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5182390213012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilateral-filter","display_name":"Bilateral filter","score":0.4848536252975464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/median-filter","display_name":"Median filter","score":0.45720842480659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4339154064655304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4267312288284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.42489010095596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.22035902738571167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-restoration","display_name":"Image restoration","score":0.20569774508476257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14031782746315002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.05963513255119324}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.8471121788024902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8092761039733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7109832763671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6110230088233948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.5703072547912598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1894545","display_name":"Gaussian blur","level":5,"score":0.5384514331817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5219442248344421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5182390213012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156140930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860417","display_name":"Bilateral filter","level":3,"score":0.4848536252975464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55352655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304247","display_name":"Median filter","level":4,"score":0.45720842480659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4339154064655304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4267312288284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42489010095596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.22035902738571167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106430172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002272","display_name":"Image restoration","level":4,"score":0.20569774508476257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14031782746315002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.05963513255119324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4018/ijdcf.2019010102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijdcf.2019010102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8943243","display_name":"International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics","issn_l":"1941-6210","issn":["1941-6210","1941-6229"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966073167","https://openalex.org/W1985613413","https://openalex.org/W2031466562","https://openalex.org/W2037974317","https://openalex.org/W2050982421","https://openalex.org/W2074727269","https://openalex.org/W2084641094","https://openalex.org/W2106663508","https://openalex.org/W2147096615","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2155084545","https://openalex.org/W2160921722","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2209713853","https://openalex.org/W2412509443","https://openalex.org/W2514123796","https://openalex.org/W2533809798","https://openalex.org/W2580671710","https://openalex.org/W2607156249","https://openalex.org/W7053126446"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063769574","https://openalex.org/W2134831563","https://openalex.org/W2549920676","https://openalex.org/W2083966666","https://openalex.org/W2368921446","https://openalex.org/W3088540525","https://openalex.org/W4241340242","https://openalex.org/W2369676483","https://openalex.org/W2391139946","https://openalex.org/W4297891612"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"image":[1,32],"smoothing":[2,26,122,149],"filtering":[3,10,13,54],"operations,":[4],"including":[5],"the":[6,19,31,38,49,59,66,72,78,84,89,92,98,101,109,112,118,132,142,148,156,161],"average":[7,50],"filtering,":[8,51],"Gaussian":[9,52],"and":[11,55,70,83,104,108,121,151],"median":[12,56],"are":[14,62,115],"always":[15],"used":[16,63],"to":[17,130],"beautify":[18],"forged":[20],"images.":[21,124,163],"The":[22],"detection":[23,43],"of":[24,97,135],"these":[25],"operations":[27],"is":[28,75,127,145],"important":[29],"in":[30,147],"forensics":[33],"field.":[34],"In":[35],"this":[36],"article,":[37],"authors":[39,93],"propose":[40],"a":[41],"universal":[42],"algorithm":[44],"which":[45],"can":[46],"simultaneously":[47],"detect":[48],"low-pass":[53],"filtering.":[57],"Firstly,":[58],"high-frequency":[60],"residuals":[61],"as":[64],"being":[65],"feature":[67,73],"extraction":[68,74],"domain,":[69],"then":[71],"established":[76],"on":[77,160],"local":[79],"binary":[80],"pattern":[81],"(LBP)":[82],"autoregressive":[85],"model":[86],"(AR).":[87],"For":[88],"LBP":[90],"model,":[91],"exploit":[94],"that":[95,141],"both":[96],"relationships":[99,110],"between":[100],"central":[102],"pixel":[103],"its":[105],"neighboring":[106,113],"pixels":[107,114],"among":[111],"differentiated":[116],"for":[117],"original":[119],"images":[120],"filtered":[123],"A":[125],"method":[126],"further":[128],"developed":[129],"reduce":[131],"high":[133],"dimensionality":[134],"LBP-based":[136],"features.":[137],"Experimental":[138],"results":[139],"show":[140],"proposed":[143],"detector":[144],"effective":[146],"forensics,":[150],"achieves":[152],"better":[153],"performance":[154],"than":[155],"previous":[157],"works,":[158],"especially":[159],"JPEG":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}