{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968569370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2011010101","title":"Critical Infrastructure as Complex Emergent Systems","display_name":"Critical Infrastructure as Complex Emergent Systems","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968569370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2011010101","mag":"1968569370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4018/ijcwt.2011010101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2011010101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168647","display_name":"International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism","issn_l":"1947-3435","issn":["1947-3435","1947-3443"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101511223","display_name":"Ted G. Lewis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9461-4022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ted G. Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Postgraduate School, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Postgraduate School, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046950980","display_name":"Thomas J. Mackin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2076-6866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087317","display_name":"Cal Poly Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/001c8fh75","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas J. Mackin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cal Poly University, San Luis Obispo, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cal Poly University, San Luis Obispo, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114254667","display_name":"Rudy Darken","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rudy Darken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Postgraduate School, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Postgraduate School, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2412,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54299442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homeland-security","display_name":"Homeland security","score":0.8601335287094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.8223164081573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6947821378707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","score":0.6651229858398438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure-protection","display_name":"Critical infrastructure protection","score":0.6066263318061829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.5353901982307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.5108534693717957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5080580711364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.5006639957427979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preparedness","display_name":"Preparedness","score":0.4438040554523468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrorism","display_name":"Terrorism","score":0.3726844787597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2517033815383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.17506957054138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.14649087190628052}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506469952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181467","display_name":"Homeland security","level":3,"score":0.8601335287094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.8223164081573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6947821378707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.6651229858398438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779033394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186733","display_name":"Critical infrastructure protection","level":3,"score":0.6066263318061829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5353901982307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5108534693717957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5080580711364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.5006639957427979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4583103","display_name":"Preparedness","level":2,"score":0.4438040554523468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.3726844787597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2517033815383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.17506957054138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.14649087190628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4018/ijcwt.2011010101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2011010101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168647","display_name":"International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism","issn_l":"1947-3435","issn":["1947-3435","1947-3443"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:igg:jcwt00:v:1:y:2011:i:1:p:1-12","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/ijcwt.2011010101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:calhoun.nps.edu:10945/45469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10945/45469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400952","display_name":"Calhoun: The Naval Postgraduate School Institutional Archive (Naval Postgraduate School)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","host_organization_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85374508","https://openalex.org/W125969323","https://openalex.org/W427226654","https://openalex.org/W655130764","https://openalex.org/W1977304706","https://openalex.org/W1994687138","https://openalex.org/W2002286553","https://openalex.org/W2018934112","https://openalex.org/W2050911918","https://openalex.org/W2065769502","https://openalex.org/W2070207525","https://openalex.org/W2075514521","https://openalex.org/W2106253517","https://openalex.org/W2117888326","https://openalex.org/W2118491379","https://openalex.org/W2126637194","https://openalex.org/W2127140203","https://openalex.org/W2131617555","https://openalex.org/W2163763091","https://openalex.org/W2164727176","https://openalex.org/W2175110005","https://openalex.org/W3103071483","https://openalex.org/W3105834429","https://openalex.org/W3143066651","https://openalex.org/W4233208878","https://openalex.org/W4242589925"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552191100","https://openalex.org/W2085358621","https://openalex.org/W1973137827","https://openalex.org/W2492005062","https://openalex.org/W3045199176","https://openalex.org/W4386971846","https://openalex.org/W1983348766","https://openalex.org/W2496900713","https://openalex.org/W2566743944","https://openalex.org/W79086336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,48],"United":[1],"States":[2],"Department":[3],"of":[4,28,39,51,65,74,117],"Homeland":[5],"Security":[6],"(DHS)":[7],"charge":[8],"is":[9,158],"to,":[10],"\u201cBuild":[11],"a":[12,88,123],"safer,":[13],"more":[14,17],"secure,":[15],"and":[16,58,94,119,121,149,163],"resilient":[18],"America":[19],"by":[20,31],"preventing,":[21],"deterring,":[22],"neutralizing,":[23],"or":[24,36,80,141,154],"mitigating":[25],"the":[26,63,85,146],"effects":[27],"deliberate":[29],"efforts":[30],"terrorists":[32],"to":[33,76,102,136,145,160,168],"destroy,":[34],"incapacitate,":[35],"exploit":[37],"elements":[38],"our":[40],"Nation\u2019s":[41],"CIKR":[42],"\u2026\u201d":[43],"using":[44],"an":[45,132],"all-hazards":[46],"approach.":[47],"effective":[49],"implementation":[50],"this":[52,83],"strategy":[53],"hinges":[54],"on":[55,62,91],"understanding":[56],"catastrophes":[57],"their":[59],"potential":[60],"effect":[61],"functioning":[64],"infrastructure.":[66],"Unfortunately,":[67],"there":[68],"has":[69],"been":[70],"no":[71],"unifying":[72,124],"theory":[73,97],"catastrophe":[75],"guide":[77,103,150],"decision-making,":[78],"preparedness,":[79],"response.":[81,155],"In":[82],"paper,":[84],"authors":[86],"present":[87],"framework":[89,126,157],"based":[90],"network":[92],"science":[93],"normal":[95],"accident":[96],"that":[98,111],"can":[99],"be":[100],"used":[101],"policy":[104,125],"decisions":[105],"for":[106,127],"homeland":[107,128],"security.":[108],"They":[109],"show":[110],"exceedance":[112],"probability":[113],"encompasses":[114],"operational":[115],"definitions":[116],"risk":[118],"resilience":[120],"provides":[122],"security":[129],"investments.":[130],"Such":[131],"approach":[133],"allows":[134],"one":[135],"classify":[137],"hazards":[138],"as":[139],"\u2018high\u2019":[140],"\u2018low\u2019":[142],"risk,":[143],"according":[144],"resiliency":[147],"exponent,":[148],"investments":[151],"toward":[152],"prevention":[153],"This":[156],"applied":[159],"cyber":[161],"exploits":[162],"electric":[164],"power":[165],"grid":[166],"systems":[167],"illustrate":[169],"its":[170],"generality.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}