{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1489331127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2015100104","title":"Integrating Space, Time, Version, and Scale using Alexandrov Topologies","display_name":"Integrating Space, Time, Version, and Scale using Alexandrov Topologies","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1489331127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2015100104","mag":"1489331127"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4018/ij3dim.2015100104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2015100104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193446","display_name":"International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling","issn_l":"2156-1702","issn":["2156-1702","2156-1710"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051249906","display_name":"Norbert W. Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8288-6727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norbert Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geodetic Institute (GIK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geodetic Institute (GIK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004777755","display_name":"Patrick Erik Bradley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5595-490X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick E. Bradley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (IPF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (IPF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5798,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64670693,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"64","last_page":"85"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.5758072137832642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounded-function","display_name":"Bounded function","score":0.5464805364608765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5349387526512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.49021846055984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4659854769706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.4619811475276947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.43867459893226624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4308317303657532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.41662001609802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topological-space","display_name":"Topological space","score":0.41618525981903076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.23247891664505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.22986596822738647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.18162554502487183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.09734854102134705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.5758072137832642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.5464805364608765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5349387526512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.49021846055984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4659854769706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.4619811475276947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.43867459893226624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4308317303657532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.41662001609802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81332173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179899","display_name":"Topological space","level":2,"score":0.41618525981903076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.23247891664505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.22986596822738647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.18162554502487183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.09734854102134705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4018/ij3dim.2015100104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2015100104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193446","display_name":"International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling","issn_l":"2156-1702","issn":["2156-1702","2156-1710"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:igg:j3dim0:v:4:y:2015:i:4:p:64-85","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/IJ3DIM.2015100104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W158689949","https://openalex.org/W657330920","https://openalex.org/W1540633728","https://openalex.org/W1573941408","https://openalex.org/W1844476468","https://openalex.org/W2006567949","https://openalex.org/W2010714983","https://openalex.org/W2010802967","https://openalex.org/W2038147041","https://openalex.org/W2048095461","https://openalex.org/W2072191579","https://openalex.org/W2081899208","https://openalex.org/W2103028615","https://openalex.org/W2122789628","https://openalex.org/W2132676571","https://openalex.org/W2161109697","https://openalex.org/W2240861913","https://openalex.org/W3040586665"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2086397253","https://openalex.org/W2133122801","https://openalex.org/W3013085049","https://openalex.org/W600422426","https://openalex.org/W2007156430","https://openalex.org/W2170882281","https://openalex.org/W1560496689","https://openalex.org/W3081478936","https://openalex.org/W4386900933","https://openalex.org/W4385301946"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,68],"article":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,28,53,73,95,102,121],"novel":[4],"approach":[5],"to":[6],"higher":[7],"dimensional":[8],"spatial":[9,65,80,126],"database":[10,123],"design.":[11,67],"Instead":[12],"of":[13,19,64,76,90,128,139],"extending":[14],"the":[15,33],"canonical":[16,103],"Solid\u2013Face\u2013Edge\u2013Vertex":[17],"schema":[18,124],"topological":[20,77],"data,":[21],"these":[22,149],"classes":[23,40],"are":[24,41],"replaced":[25,42],"altogether":[26],"by":[27,43,112],"common":[29],"type":[30],"SpatialEntity,":[31],"and":[32,59,106,131,141],"individual":[34],"\u201cbounded-by\u201d":[35],"relations":[36],"between":[37,116],"two":[38],"consecutive":[39],"one":[44],"separate":[45],"binary":[46],"relation":[47],"BoundedBy":[48],"on":[49,57],"SpatialEntity":[50,58],"which":[51,133],"defines":[52],"so-called":[54],"Alexandrov":[55,104],"topology":[56,87],"thus":[60],"exposes":[61],"mathematical":[62,74],"principles":[63],"data":[66,81,89,127],"has":[69,93],"important":[70],"consequences:":[71],"First,":[72],"definition":[75],"\u201cdimension\u201d":[78],"for":[79,88,125],"can":[82,108],"be":[83,109],"given.":[84],"Second,":[85],"every":[86],"arbitrary":[91],"dimension":[92,129],"such":[94],"simple":[96],"representation.":[97],"Also,":[98],"version":[99,142],"histories":[100],"have":[101],"topology,":[105],"generalizations":[107],"consistently":[110],"modeled":[111],"continuous":[113],"foreign":[114],"keys":[115],"LoDs.":[117],"The":[118],"result":[119],"is":[120],"relational":[122],"6":[130],"more":[132],"seamlessly":[134],"integrates":[135],"4D":[136],"space-time,":[137],"levels":[138],"details":[140],"history.":[143],"Topological":[144],"constructions":[145],"enable":[146],"queries":[147],"across":[148],"different":[150],"aspects.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}