{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7152982761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v22i04.57551","title":"Smart Medical Robots: Dynamic LLM Routing for Question-Answering Systems","display_name":"Smart Medical Robots: Dynamic LLM Routing for Question-Answering Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7152982761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v22i04.57551"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3991/ijoe.v22i04.57551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v22i04.57551","pdf_url":"https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-joe/article/download/57551/17155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211237","display_name":"International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE)","issn_l":"2626-8493","issn":["2626-8493"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-joe/article/download/57551/17155","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111292449","display_name":"Tung Vu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7188-5972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142904861","display_name":"Hanoi Architectural University","ror":"https://ror.org/03c8sfz84","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142904861"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tung Vu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanoi Architectural University, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7188-5972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanoi Architectural University, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142904861"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133336234","display_name":"Kien Luong Trung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2027-5594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109689652","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kien Luong Trung","raw_affiliation_strings":["FPT University, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2027-5594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FPT University, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133341714","display_name":"Thuan Bui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109689652","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thuan Bui","raw_affiliation_strings":["FPT University, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FPT University, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130962253","display_name":"Minh Quang Dang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109689652","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minh Quang Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["FPT University, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5766-1292","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FPT University, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079601153","display_name":"Phuong Anh Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4260-828X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109689652","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phuong Anh Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["FPT University, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FPT University, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014127981","display_name":"Ngoc Thuy Le","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109689652","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ngoc Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["FPT University, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FPT University, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":312},"apc_paid":{"value":290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":312},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38748612,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"04","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.1444000005722046,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.1444000005722046,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.08739999681711197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.024900000542402267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6007000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5476999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-transmission","display_name":"Secure transmission","score":0.40139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.3560999929904938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7542999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6007000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5476999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.508899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779814227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444882","display_name":"Secure transmission","level":3,"score":0.40139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60692881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584529","display_name":"Humanoid robot","level":3,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776854237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031064","display_name":"Information sharing","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780573568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16743864","display_name":"Fist","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3991/ijoe.v22i04.57551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v22i04.57551","pdf_url":"https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-joe/article/download/57551/17155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211237","display_name":"International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE)","issn_l":"2626-8493","issn":["2626-8493"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE)","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3991/ijoe.v22i04.57551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v22i04.57551","pdf_url":"https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-joe/article/download/57551/17155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211237","display_name":"International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE)","issn_l":"2626-8493","issn":["2626-8493"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318340","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7152982761.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7152982761.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inefficient":[0],"non-clinical":[1],"information":[2,153],"delivery":[3],"in":[4,112,127,141],"medical":[5],"centers":[6],"burdens":[7],"patients":[8],"and":[9,29,76,87,97,123,145],"staff,":[10],"despite":[11],"the":[12],"potential":[13],"of":[14],"LLM-enhanced":[15],"humanoid":[16,148],"robots.":[17],"Practical":[18],"deployment":[19],"faces":[20],"critical":[21,151],"hurdles:":[22],"high":[23],"cloud-LLM":[24],"latencies,":[25],"on-robot":[26],"computational":[27],"limits,":[28],"lacking":[30],"secure,":[31],"distributed":[32],"knowledge":[33,95],"sharing":[34,96],"under":[35],"strict":[36],"privacy":[37],"regulations.":[38],"This":[39],"paper":[40],"introduces":[41],"Dynamic":[42],"LLM":[43,66],"Routing":[44],"for":[45,52,83,150],"Smart":[46],"Medical":[47],"Robots,":[48],"a":[49,64,109,124],"framework":[50],"designed":[51],"clinical":[53],"question-answering":[54],"systems.":[55],"Our":[56],"hybrid":[57],"edge-cloud":[58],"architecture":[59],"integrates":[60],"three":[61],"core":[62],"innovations:":[63],"dynamic":[65],"selection":[67],"mechanism":[68],"routing":[69],"queries":[70],"based":[71],"on":[72,101],"context":[73],"(complexity,":[74],"domain,":[75],"urgency),":[77],"an":[78,88,119],"optimized":[79],"edge":[80],"computing":[81],"layer":[82],"privacy-preserving":[84,90],"local":[85],"processing,":[86],"intelligent,":[89],"caching":[91],"system":[92,107],"enabling":[93,142],"secure":[94],"continuous":[98],"learning.":[99],"Evaluated":[100],"7,500":[102],"authentic":[103],"hospital":[104],"queries,":[105],"our":[106,138],"achieved":[108],"50%":[110],"reduction":[111,126],"average":[113],"response":[114],"latency":[115],"(0.62s":[116],"vs.":[117],"1.23s),":[118],"89.7%":[120],"completion":[121],"rate,":[122],"62%":[125],"external":[128],"data":[129],"transmission":[130],"(73%":[131],"cache":[132],"hit":[133],"rate).":[134],"These":[135],"results":[136],"demonstrate":[137],"framework\u2019s":[139],"efficacy":[140],"scalable,":[143],"efficient,":[144],"privacy-compliant":[146],"AI-powered":[147],"robots":[149],"healthcare":[152],"delivery.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-04-11T00:00:00"}