{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2904197466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3934/mfc.2018020","title":"A survey: Reward distribution mechanisms and withholding attacks in Bitcoin pool mining","display_name":"A survey: Reward distribution mechanisms and withholding attacks in Bitcoin pool mining","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2904197466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3934/mfc.2018020","mag":"2904197466"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3934/mfc.2018020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3934/mfc.2018020","pdf_url":"https://www.aimsciences.org/article/exportPdf?id=e22dc2c6-1377-4e12-94db-eb7f37815b91","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238810","display_name":"Mathematical Foundations of Computing","issn_l":"2577-8838","issn":["2577-8838"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315844","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Mathematical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315844"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Mathematical Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematical Foundations of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.aimsciences.org/article/exportPdf?id=e22dc2c6-1377-4e12-94db-eb7f37815b91","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007249432","display_name":"Saide Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-3555"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saide Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100318256","display_name":"Wei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6997-9611"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101598870","display_name":"Hong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5027-2915"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007408033","display_name":"Chunqiang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5825-2241"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunqiang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072627238","display_name":"Zhipeng Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6017-975X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhipeng Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9102,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93470535,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"4","first_page":"393","last_page":"414"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6404908895492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-game","display_name":"Stochastic game","score":0.5635231733322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.554653525352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.514416515827179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.47077059745788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.4313780963420868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.23256981372833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.127488911151886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.10955578088760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.10188645124435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09049302339553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08303454518318176}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6404908895492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22171661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074380","display_name":"Stochastic game","level":2,"score":0.5635231733322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.554653525352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.514416515827179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47077059745788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.4313780963420868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.23256981372833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.127488911151886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.10955578088760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.10188645124435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09049302339553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08303454518318176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3934/mfc.2018020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3934/mfc.2018020","pdf_url":"https://www.aimsciences.org/article/exportPdf?id=e22dc2c6-1377-4e12-94db-eb7f37815b91","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238810","display_name":"Mathematical Foundations of Computing","issn_l":"2577-8838","issn":["2577-8838"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315844","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Mathematical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315844"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Mathematical Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematical Foundations of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3934/mfc.2018020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3934/mfc.2018020","pdf_url":"https://www.aimsciences.org/article/exportPdf?id=e22dc2c6-1377-4e12-94db-eb7f37815b91","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238810","display_name":"Mathematical Foundations of Computing","issn_l":"2577-8838","issn":["2577-8838"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315844","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Mathematical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315844"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Mathematical Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematical Foundations of Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3159690896","https://openalex.org/W1989286518","https://openalex.org/W2921012173","https://openalex.org/W2124456408","https://openalex.org/W2945572725","https://openalex.org/W2758517546","https://openalex.org/W4230824443","https://openalex.org/W1975315982","https://openalex.org/W3134680667","https://openalex.org/W2804396347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,78],"past":[1],"three":[2],"years":[3],"have":[4,67],"seen":[5],"the":[6,114,124],"rapid":[7],"increase":[8],"of":[9,46,58,80,127],"Bitcoin":[10,59,91,152],"difficulty,":[11],"which":[12],"has":[13],"led":[14],"to":[15,27,33,62,84,117],"a":[16,23,29,35,52,56],"substantial":[17],"variance":[18],"in":[19,72,90,139],"solo":[20],"mining.":[21],"As":[22],"result,":[24],"miners":[25],"tend":[26],"join":[28],"large":[30],"open":[31],"pool":[32,73,92,119],"get":[34],"more":[36],"stable":[37],"reward.":[38],"Nowadays,":[39],"mining":[40,74,93],"pools":[41],"take":[42],"up":[43],"over":[44],"98%":[45],"Bitcoins":[47],"total":[48],"computation":[49],"power.":[50],"In":[51,113],"sense,":[53],"this":[54,81],"is":[55,83],"manifestation":[57],"that":[60],"tends":[61],"be":[63],"centralized.":[64],"Thus,":[65],"researchers":[66],"shown":[68],"an":[69,149],"increased":[70],"interest":[71],"payoff":[75],"and":[76,86,103,107,130],"security.":[77],"purpose":[79],"paper":[82],"review":[85],"summarize":[87],"recent":[88],"research":[89],"system.":[94],"We":[95],"first":[96],"introduce":[97],"several":[98,141],"common":[99],"reward":[100],"distribution":[101],"schemes,":[102],"analyze":[104],"their":[105],"advantages":[106],"disadvantages":[108],"with":[109],"some":[110,128],"improvement":[111],"mechanisms;":[112],"second":[115],"section,":[116],"address":[118],"security":[120],"problems,":[121],"we":[122,147],"examined":[123],"practical":[125],"utility":[126],"existing":[129],"potential":[131],"attack":[132,138],"strategies.":[133],"To":[134],"study":[135],"those":[136],"malicious":[137],"details,":[140],"defense":[142],"methods":[143],"are":[144],"collected.":[145],"Finally,":[146],"make":[148],"outlook":[150],"on":[151],"future.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}