{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6966642131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000620647","title":"Improving Censorship-Resistance, Privacy, and Scalability of the Bitcoin Ecosystem","display_name":"Improving Censorship-Resistance, Privacy, and Scalability of the Bitcoin Ecosystem","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6966642131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000620647"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/620647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/620647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/620647","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nadahalli, Tejaswi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nadahalli, Tejaswi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54831249,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.4413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.4413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.03720000013709068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12137","display_name":"Economic theories and models","score":0.023099999874830246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.6721000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6438000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.5472999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.4668999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.3853999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/odds","display_name":"Odds","score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-effect","display_name":"Network effect","score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notice","display_name":"Notice","score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.36230000853538513}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.6721000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6438000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6373999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.5472999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.4668999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4528999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3853999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96219163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649124","display_name":"Network effect","level":2,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779913896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7063001","display_name":"Notice","level":2,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.36230000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18296254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395219","display_name":"Skepticism","level":2,"score":0.35989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776983043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q986008","display_name":"Payment system","level":3,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174839445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134386","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","level":2,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48220719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10836209","display_name":"Digital currency","level":3,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/620647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/620647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000620647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000620647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051236","display_name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich Research Collection","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"thesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/620647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/620647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7494145631790161}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,121,191,218,343],"January":[1],"2009,":[2],"Satoshi":[3],"Nakamoto":[4],"created":[5],"Bitcoin.":[6],"As":[7],"a":[8,71,80,117,127,209,214,223,255,259,283],"new":[9,224,269],"form":[10],"of":[11,35,46,83,130,162,216,308,331,340,364,370,395],"money":[12],"not":[13,54,138],"issued":[14],"or":[15],"controlled":[16],"by":[17,172,212,276,316,326,389],"nation":[18],"states,":[19],"Bitcoin":[20,47,52,96,171,207],"makes":[21,228],"trade-offs":[22],"along":[23],"many":[24,44],"axes:":[25],"survival,":[26],"decentralization,":[27],"censorship-resistance,":[28],"scalability,":[29],"privacy,":[30],"and":[31,48,146,155,265,398],"more.":[32],"Along":[33],"each":[34,177],"these":[36,84],"axes,":[37],"over":[38],"the":[39,99,102,160,229,242,246,320],"years,":[40],"researchers":[41],"have":[42,297],"asked":[43],"questions":[45,86],"it":[49,62],"seems":[50,63],"that":[51,78,95,126,227,300,348],"should":[53],"work":[55,143],"in":[56,67,170,248,385],"theory.":[57],"Against":[58],"all":[59],"odds":[60],"though,":[61],"to":[64,91,115,134,148,158,183,188,240,261,314,357,379],"be":[65,324,353],"working":[66],"practice":[68],"-":[69,376],"generating":[70],"block":[72],"every":[73],"10":[74],"minutes.":[75],"
\\nWe":[76],"believe":[77,94],"answering":[79],"small":[81],"fraction":[82],"research":[85],"will":[87,97],"give":[88],"some":[89],"relief":[90],"Bitcoin-ers,":[92],"who":[93,318],"change":[98],"world":[100],"for":[101,403],"better.":[103],"We":[104],"might":[105],"even":[106],"nudge":[107],"honest":[108],"skeptics":[109],"towards":[110],"asking":[111],"deeper":[112],"questions.
\\nBitcoin":[113],"claims":[114],"offer":[116],"censorship-resistant":[118],"monetary":[119],"system.":[120],"this":[122,192,201,219,344],"thesis,":[123,193,220,345],"we":[124,194,221,346],"show":[125,347],"certain":[128],"class":[129],"transactions":[131],"are":[132,137,311],"vulnerable":[133,382],"censorship,":[135],"but":[136,372,381],"actually":[139],"getting":[140],"censored.":[141],"Our":[142,268],"answers":[144],"why,":[145],"points":[147],"an":[149,328,335,341],"intrinsic":[150,329,350],"relationship":[151],"between":[152],"weak":[153],"miners":[154],"Alice\u2019s":[156],"(in)ability":[157],"incentivize":[159],"censorship":[161],"Bob\u2019s":[163],"transaction.":[164],"
\\nUsers":[165],"can":[166,323,352],"increase":[167],"their":[168,174,263,279,360],"privacy":[169],"swapping":[173,180],"coins":[175],"with":[176],"other.":[178],"Coin":[179],"protocols":[181],"tend":[182],"lock":[184],"up":[185],"coins,":[186],"leading":[187,356],"opportunity":[189,202],"cost.":[190],"propose":[195,222],"grief-free":[196],"atomic":[197],"swaps,":[198],"which":[199],"minimizes":[200],"cost.
\\nThe":[203],"Lightning":[204],"Network":[205],"scales":[206],"as":[208,377],"payment":[210],"system":[211,286],"having":[213],"network":[215,230],"channels.":[217],"channel":[225,243,271],"structure":[226,272],"more":[231],"robust.":[232],"Payment":[233],"channels":[234,264],"depend":[235],"on":[236,245,302],"users":[237,253],"being":[238],"online":[239],"enforce":[241],"contract":[244],"blockchain":[247],"case":[249],"someone":[250],"cheats.":[251],"Offline":[252],"employ":[254],"third":[256],"party,":[257],"called":[258],"watchtower,":[260],"monitor":[262],"prevent":[266],"cheating.":[267],"lightning":[270],"enables":[273],"efficient":[274],"watchtowers":[275],"dramatically":[277],"reducing":[278],"storage":[280],"costs.
\\nBitcoin":[281],"is":[282,291],"closed":[284],"self-governing":[285],"where":[287],"extrinsic":[288,303],"data":[289,304,400],"input":[290],"minimized.":[292],"Stateful":[293],"blockchains":[294],"like":[295,305,334],"Ethereum":[296],"smart":[298,374,383,392],"contracts":[299,375,384,393],"rely":[301],"market":[306,337],"price":[307,339],"assets.":[309],"These":[310,322,362],"trivially":[312],"subjected":[313],"attacks":[315,365],"oracles":[317],"control":[319],"data-source.":[321],"mitigated":[325],"using":[327],"source":[330],"external":[332,399],"data,":[333],"automated":[336],"maker\u2019s":[338],"asset.":[342],"such":[349],"data-sources":[351],"manipulated":[354],"cheaply":[355],"bad":[358],"outcomes
\\nfor":[359],"users.":[361],"kind":[363],"highlight":[366],"Bitcoin\u2019s":[367],"conservative":[368],"culture":[369],"minimal,":[371],"safer":[373],"opposed":[378],"rich,":[380],"other":[386],"platforms.":[387],"Bitcoin,":[388],"keeping":[390],"its":[391],"free":[394],"global":[396],"state":[397],"sources,":[401],"optimizes":[402],"long":[404],"term":[405],"survival.":[406]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T06:51:31.235846","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}