{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912139893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1804-58","title":"Local directional-structural pattern for person-independent facial expression recognition","display_name":"Local directional-structural pattern for person-independent facial expression recognition","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912139893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1804-58","mag":"2912139893"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3906/elk-1804-58","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1804-58","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32837994","display_name":"TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES","issn_l":"1300-0632","issn":["1300-0632","1303-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318422","host_organization_name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318422"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1804-58","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026117039","display_name":"Farkhod Makhmudkhujaev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2594-8327"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farkhod MAKHMUDKHUJAEV","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2594-8327","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031663850","display_name":"Md. Tauhid Bin Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7126-8969"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Tauhid Bin IQBAL","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7126-8969","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007398316","display_name":"Byungyong Ryu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0666-4855"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byungyong RYU","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0666-4855","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102904934","display_name":"Oksam Chae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0471-8840"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oksam CHAE","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0471-8840","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7287,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87702143,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1","first_page":"516","last_page":"531"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.9779000282287598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7377443909645081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.697345495223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6191859245300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.5725278854370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5556158423423767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5238868594169617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5000772476196289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.49785327911376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.48105669021606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.46016332507133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4548843204975128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4528544545173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.42959365248680115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34641823172569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.27172476053237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.18301555514335632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10938185453414917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7377443909645081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.697345495223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6191859245300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.5725278854370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5556158423423767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5238868594169617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5000772476196289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.49785327911376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.48105669021606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.46016332507133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4548843204975128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4528544545173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.42959365248680115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34641823172569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27172476053237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.18301555514335632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10938185453414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3906/elk-1804-58","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1804-58","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32837994","display_name":"TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES","issn_l":"1300-0632","issn":["1300-0632","1303-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318422","host_organization_name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318422"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dergipark.gov.tr:article/516836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dergipark.gov.tr/tbtkelektrik/issue/42784/516836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401840","display_name":"DergiPark (Istanbul University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","host_organization_name":"Istanbul University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"\\n                                                                    Volume: 27, Issue: 1\\n                                                                                                    516-531\\n                                                                \\n                            ","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dergipark.org.tr:article/516836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tbtkelektrik/issue/42784/516836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401840","display_name":"DergiPark (Istanbul University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","host_organization_name":"Istanbul University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"\\n                                                                    Volume: 27, Issue: 1\\n                                                                                                    516-531\\n                                                                \\n                            ","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3906/elk-1804-58","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1804-58","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32837994","display_name":"TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES","issn_l":"1300-0632","issn":["1300-0632","1303-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318422","host_organization_name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318422"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055219403","https://openalex.org/W2791313072","https://openalex.org/W3166997759","https://openalex.org/W2953058328","https://openalex.org/W2794489335","https://openalex.org/W1542224353","https://openalex.org/W2080437822","https://openalex.org/W1661087619","https://openalex.org/W2153027217","https://openalex.org/W2855870609"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"popular":[1],"descriptors":[2,37,182,194],"for":[3,169],"facial":[4,115],"expression":[5,171],"recognition":[6,172],"often":[7],"suffer":[8],"from":[9],"inconsistent":[10],"feature":[11],"description,":[12],"experiencing":[13],"poor":[14],"accuracies.":[15],"We":[16,79,133],"present":[17],"a":[18,51,98,111,149],"new":[19],"local":[20,22,36,48,77],"descriptor,":[21],"directional-structural":[23],"pattern":[24],"(LDSP),":[25],"in":[26,141,173],"this":[27,31],"work":[28],"to":[29,45,69,84,103,153],"address":[30],"issue.":[32],"Unlike":[33],"the":[34,40,47,53,57,61,66,76,91,118,122,127,135,138,145,154,157],"existing":[35,181],"using":[38],"only":[39],"texture":[41],"or":[42],"edge":[43,63,166],"information":[44,74,83],"represent":[46],"structure":[49],"of":[50,60,65,75,114,121,129,137,156],"pixel,":[52],"proposed":[54,139],"LDSP":[55,109,146,176,188],"utilizes":[56],"positional":[58],"relationship":[59],"top":[62],"responses":[64],"target":[67],"pixel":[68],"extract":[70],"more":[71],"detailed":[72],"structural":[73],"texture.":[78],"further":[80],"exploit":[81],"such":[82,204],"characterize":[85],"expression-affiliated":[86,123],"crucial":[87],"textures":[88],"while":[89],"discarding":[90],"random":[92,130],"noisy":[93],"patterns.":[94,107],"Moreover,":[95],"we":[96],"introduce":[97],"globally":[99],"adaptive":[100],"thresholding":[101],"strategy":[102],"exclude":[104],"futile":[105,131,158],"flat":[106],"Hence,":[108],"offers":[110],"stable":[112],"description":[113],"expressions":[116],"with":[117,126],"explicit":[119],"representation":[120],"features":[124],"along":[125],"exclusion":[128,155],"textures.":[132],"visualize":[134],"efficacy":[136],"method":[140],"three":[142],"folds.":[143],"First,":[144],"descriptor":[147],"possesses":[148],"moderate":[150],"code-length":[151],"owing":[152],"patterns,":[159],"yielding":[160],"less":[161],"computation":[162],"time":[163],"than":[164,180,192],"other":[165,184,193],"descriptors.":[167],"Second,":[168],"person-independent":[170],"benchmark":[174],"datasets,":[175],"demonstrates":[177],"higher":[178],"accuracy":[179],"and":[183,197],"state-of-the-art":[185],"methods.":[186],"Third,":[187],"shows":[189],"better":[190],"performance":[191],"against":[195],"noise":[196],"low":[198],"resolution,":[199],"exhibiting":[200],"its":[201],"robustness":[202],"under":[203],"uneven":[205],"conditions.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}