{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2914893688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1801-234","title":"Large vocabulary recognition for online Turkish handwriting with sublexical units","display_name":"Large vocabulary recognition for online Turkish handwriting with sublexical units","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2914893688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1801-234","mag":"2914893688"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3906/elk-1801-234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1801-234","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1801-234","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32837994","display_name":"TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES","issn_l":"1300-0632","issn":["1300-0632","1303-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318422","host_organization_name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318422"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING &amp; COMPUTER SCIENCES","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1801-234","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036707359","display_name":"Esma F. Bilgin Ta\u015fdemir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2465-4186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","display_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/049asqa32","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esma Fat\u0131ma B\u0130LG\u0130N","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanc\u0131 University, \u0130stanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2465-4186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanc\u0131 University, \u0130stanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057031258","display_name":"Berrin Yan\u0131ko\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7403-7592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","display_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/049asqa32","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ay\u015fe Berrin YANIKO\u011eLU YE\u015e\u0130LYURT","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanc\u0131 University, \u0130stanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7403-7592","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanc\u0131 University, \u0130stanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.416,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68680407,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"5","first_page":"2218","last_page":"2233"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9700999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bigram","display_name":"Bigram","score":0.9114818572998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicon","display_name":"Lexicon","score":0.8672462701797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7933472990989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turkish","display_name":"Turkish","score":0.774611234664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.7334796190261841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.685905933380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6761349439620972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6332995295524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6088230013847351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.495517373085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"Word recognition","score":0.44467711448669434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4306691884994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.1737464964389801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.17336905002593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trigram","display_name":"Trigram","score":0.07761403918266296}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108757681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2773912","display_name":"Bigram","level":3,"score":0.9114818572998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.8672462701797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7933472990989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781121862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256","display_name":"Turkish","level":2,"score":0.774611234664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.7334796190261841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.685905933380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6761349439620972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6332995295524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6088230013847351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.495517373085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.44467711448669434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4306691884994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.1737464964389801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.17336905002593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137546455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3213474","display_name":"Trigram","level":2,"score":0.07761403918266296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3906/elk-1801-234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1801-234","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1801-234","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32837994","display_name":"TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES","issn_l":"1300-0632","issn":["1300-0632","1303-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318422","host_organization_name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318422"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING &amp; COMPUTER SCIENCES","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.sabanciuniv.edu:36813","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402254","display_name":"Sabanci University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","host_organization_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3906/elk-1801-234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1801-234","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1801-234","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32837994","display_name":"TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES","issn_l":"1300-0632","issn":["1300-0632","1303-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318422","host_organization_name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318422"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING &amp; COMPUTER SCIENCES","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40827800","https://openalex.org/W121775319","https://openalex.org/W1521044776","https://openalex.org/W1579838312","https://openalex.org/W1631260214","https://openalex.org/W1703917893","https://openalex.org/W1768132882","https://openalex.org/W1844448538","https://openalex.org/W1928630823","https://openalex.org/W1984936144","https://openalex.org/W2004089144","https://openalex.org/W2021043164","https://openalex.org/W2035085138","https://openalex.org/W2047205705","https://openalex.org/W2050938027","https://openalex.org/W2057701683","https://openalex.org/W2059010944","https://openalex.org/W2080220147","https://openalex.org/W2081046957","https://openalex.org/W2095763605","https://openalex.org/W2099996526","https://openalex.org/W2102139201","https://openalex.org/W2102836637","https://openalex.org/W2106382595","https://openalex.org/W2110604750","https://openalex.org/W2112302671","https://openalex.org/W2116286875","https://openalex.org/W2122585011","https://openalex.org/W2129812225","https://openalex.org/W2133552271","https://openalex.org/W2152753389","https://openalex.org/W2155033295","https://openalex.org/W2162760965","https://openalex.org/W2162770305","https://openalex.org/W2167898728","https://openalex.org/W2171866629","https://openalex.org/W2252096090","https://openalex.org/W2587486463","https://openalex.org/W2751095748","https://openalex.org/W3005350898","https://openalex.org/W4251424638","https://openalex.org/W4253573210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2575929989","https://openalex.org/W3003949997","https://openalex.org/W3199359807","https://openalex.org/W2110485610","https://openalex.org/W3047607512","https://openalex.org/W4390983538","https://openalex.org/W2744690920","https://openalex.org/W2099156541","https://openalex.org/W2787081548","https://openalex.org/W183832189"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,18,70,79,103,113,121,133,157,165,172,189,211,229],"system":[3,51,155],"for":[4,21,30],"large":[5,41,58,90,134],"vocabulary":[6,181],"recognition":[7,160,214],"of":[8,43,61,82,92,182],"online":[9],"Turkish":[10,36,44,68,72,135,167],"handwriting,":[11,63],"using":[12,17,56,69,112,171,188,228],"hidden":[13],"Markov":[14],"models.":[15],"While":[16],"traditional":[19],"approach":[20],"the":[22,31,50,57,89,106,144,151,180,183,198,219,223],"recognizer,":[23],"we":[24],"have":[25],"identified":[26],"and":[27,54,129,186,204],"developed":[28],"solutions":[29],"main":[32],"problems":[33],"specific":[34],"to":[35,67,88,105,179],"handwriting":[37,45],"recognition.":[38],"First,":[39],"since":[40],"amounts":[42],"samples":[46],"are":[47,97],"not":[48],"available,":[49],"is":[52,123,147,216],"trained":[53],"optimized":[55],"UNIPEN":[59],"dataset":[60,170],"English":[62],"before":[64],"extending":[65],"it":[66],"small":[71,166],"dataset.":[73],"The":[74,154],"delayed":[75],"strokes,":[76],"which":[77],"pose":[78],"significant":[80],"source":[81],"variation":[83],"in":[84,95,117],"writing":[85],"order":[86],"due":[87],"number":[91],"diacritical":[93],"marks":[94],"Turkish,":[96],"removed":[98],"during":[99,150],"preprocessing.":[100],"Finally,":[101],"as":[102],"solution":[104],"high":[107],"out-of-vocabulary":[108],"rates":[109],"encountered":[110],"when":[111,162],"fixed":[114],"size":[115],"lexicon":[116,122,177,193,201,226],"general":[118,191,224],"purpose":[119,192,225],"recognition,":[120],"constructed":[124],"from":[125,132,143],"sublexical":[126],"units":[127],"(stems":[128],"endings)":[130],"learned":[131,142],"corpus.":[136],"A":[137],"statistical":[138],"bigram":[139,205],"language":[140,206],"model":[141,207],"same":[145],"corpus":[146],"also":[148],"applied":[149],"decoding":[152],"process.":[153],"obtains":[156],"91.7%":[158],"word":[159,169,213],"rate":[161],"tested":[163],"on":[164],"handwritten":[168],"medium":[173],"sized":[174],"(1950":[175],"words)":[176,203],"corresponding":[178],"test":[184],"set":[185],"63.8%":[187],"large,":[190],"(130,000":[194],"words).":[195],"However,":[196],"with":[197,208,222],"proposed":[199],"stem+ending":[200],"(12,500":[202],"lattice":[209],"expansion,":[210],"67.9%":[212],"accuracy":[215],"obtained,":[217],"surpassing":[218],"results":[220],"obtained":[221],"while":[227],"much":[230],"smaller":[231],"one.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
