{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386069846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712688","title":"Calcium Leaching of 3D-Printed Cement Paste Exposed to Ammonium Chloride Solutions","display_name":"Calcium Leaching of 3D-Printed Cement Paste Exposed to Ammonium Chloride Solutions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386069846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712688"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su151712688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712688","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/17/12688/pdf?version=1692762024","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/17/12688/pdf?version=1692762024","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056244262","display_name":"Huashan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4361-0960","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4361-0960"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154893126","display_name":"Guizhou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x1pa065","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154893126"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huashan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guizhou Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Functional Materials, Guiyang 550025, China","School of Materials and Architecture Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4361-0960","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guizhou Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Functional Materials, Guiyang 550025, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Materials and Architecture Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154893126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038901999","display_name":"Yujun Che","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9583-4360","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9583-4360"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154893126","display_name":"Guizhou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x1pa065","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154893126"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujun Che","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Materials and Architecture Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9583-4360","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Materials and Architecture Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154893126"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114067886","display_name":"Jie Luo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Construction Fourth Division Guizhou Investment and Construction Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Construction Fourth Division Guizhou Investment and Construction Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550081, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056244262"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154893126"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2447},"fwci":0.4831,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62184434,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"17","first_page":"12688","last_page":"12688"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12247","display_name":"Microbial Applications in Construction Materials","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-leaching","display_name":"calcium leaching","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ammonium-chloride-solution","display_name":"ammonium chloride solution","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggressive-water","display_name":"aggressive water","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/durability","display_name":"durability","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fly-ash","display_name":"fly ash","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydration-products","display_name":"hydration products","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portlandite","display_name":"portlandite","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-silicate-hydrate","display_name":"calcium silicate hydrate","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pore-structure","display_name":"pore structure","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer-interfaces","display_name":"layer interfaces","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"compressive strength","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-uptake","display_name":"water absorption","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bulk-density","display_name":"bulk density","score":0.8230000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90982505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16938886","display_name":"Leaching (pedology)","level":3,"score":0.8618061542510986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.680693507194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.5952954292297363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.5441968441009521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775899781","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q301805","display_name":"Portlandite","level":4,"score":0.5157113671302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779563543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182849","display_name":"Calcium hydroxide","level":2,"score":0.5001063346862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168314062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2550696","display_name":"Absorption of water","level":2,"score":0.49386340379714966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519063684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q706","display_name":"Calcium","level":2,"score":0.4506169557571411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.4382650852203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.42555302381515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.41369643807411194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.33069005608558655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.2577904462814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.10159534215927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.08085203170776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.07654577493667603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844123","display_name":"Portland cement","level":3,"score":0.06737247109413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su151712688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712688","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/17/12688/pdf?version=1692762024","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0978.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202307.0978.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.20944/preprints202307.0978.v1","pdf_url":"https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202307.0978/v1/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:17:p:12688-:d:1222416","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/17/12688/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su151712688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712688","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/17/12688/pdf?version=1692762024","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1501962742","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"[2020]1Y251","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4358731121","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"[2022]-012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4793118244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51669004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386069846.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386069846.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1835395787","https://openalex.org/W1965518906","https://openalex.org/W1979705755","https://openalex.org/W1986729079","https://openalex.org/W1993389092","https://openalex.org/W1994432122","https://openalex.org/W1996919637","https://openalex.org/W2005495643","https://openalex.org/W2021938564","https://openalex.org/W2024003372","https://openalex.org/W2030917375","https://openalex.org/W2036669843","https://openalex.org/W2039755011","https://openalex.org/W2077002431","https://openalex.org/W2082529751","https://openalex.org/W2108525357","https://openalex.org/W2130993968","https://openalex.org/W2255871264","https://openalex.org/W2316879026","https://openalex.org/W2808797179","https://openalex.org/W2901730699","https://openalex.org/W3007086704","https://openalex.org/W3101054164","https://openalex.org/W3110757799","https://openalex.org/W3130820175","https://openalex.org/W4205873826","https://openalex.org/W4282943113","https://openalex.org/W4294878239","https://openalex.org/W4306937835","https://openalex.org/W4312117290","https://openalex.org/W4313201878","https://openalex.org/W6785409144","https://openalex.org/W6786402404"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W579408057","https://openalex.org/W2025513026","https://openalex.org/W2944045227","https://openalex.org/W1972518777","https://openalex.org/W2154350296","https://openalex.org/W2558498902","https://openalex.org/W2905992715","https://openalex.org/W4306362096","https://openalex.org/W2954001081","https://openalex.org/W2152196917"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,28,95,111],"research":[1],"on":[2,73],"calcium":[3,36,133],"leaching":[4,37,68,78],"of":[5,31,85,97,108,115,118],"3D":[6],"printed":[7],"cement":[8],"pastes":[9],"(3DPC)":[10],"exposed":[11],"in":[12,40,62,76,87,121,136],"aggressive":[13,88],"water":[14,89],"is":[15,38],"limited,":[16],"and":[17,49,100],"the":[18,63,74,83,105,116,122,128,137],"mechanism":[19],"underlying":[20],"its":[21],"effect":[22],"needs":[23],"to":[24,35,142],"be":[25,143],"better":[26],"understood.":[27],"performance":[29,106],"anisotropy":[30,107],"degraded":[32,109],"3DPC":[33,86,119],"due":[34],"investigated":[39],"this":[41],"paper.":[42],"Samples":[43],"with":[44],"aggregate":[45],"micro":[46],"fines":[47],"(AMF)":[48],"fly":[50],"ash":[51],"(FA)":[52],"were":[53,71],"prepared.":[54],"A":[55],"6":[56],"mol/L":[57],"NH4Cl":[58],"solution":[59],"was":[60],"used":[61],"accelerated":[64],"experiment.":[65],"At":[66],"specific":[67],"durations,":[69],"performances":[70,84],"tested":[72],"samples":[75],"different":[77],"directions.":[79],"Results":[80],"show":[81],"that":[82],"have":[90],"a":[91],"significant":[92],"anisotropic":[93],"behavior.":[94],"evolution":[96],"pore":[98],"defects":[99],"hydration":[101,113],"products":[102,114],"mainly":[103],"governs":[104],"3DPC.":[110],"remaining":[112],"surface":[117],"leached":[120,135],"Z":[123,138],"direction":[124,139],"are":[125,140],"less":[126],"than":[127],"other":[129],"two":[130],"directions":[131],"because":[132],"ions":[134],"difficult":[141],"compensated":[144],"through":[145],"weak":[146],"interfaces":[147],"between":[148],"layers.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}