{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138511873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061168","title":"Layer Bond Strength in 3D-Printed Concrete: The Role of Interlayer Surface Area and Printing Delay Time","display_name":"Layer Bond Strength in 3D-Printed Concrete: The Role of Interlayer Surface Area and Printing Delay Time","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138511873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061168","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41900658"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma19061168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061168","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/19/6/1168/pdf?version=1773739838","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/19/6/1168/pdf?version=1773739838","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032555793","display_name":"Nikol \u017di\u017ekov\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1857-8081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikol \u017di\u017ekov\u00e1","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology of Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, Veve\u0159\u00ed 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1857-8081","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology of Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, Veve\u0159\u00ed 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086098628","display_name":"Josef V\u00e1lek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Josef V\u00e1lek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology of Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, Veve\u0159\u00ed 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology of Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, Veve\u0159\u00ed 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019802386","display_name":"Arno\u0161t Vespalec","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-4346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arno\u0161t Vespalec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Veve\u0159\u00ed 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-4346","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Veve\u0159\u00ed 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009113266","display_name":"Jind\u0159ich Melichar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3686-3356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jind\u0159ich Melichar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology of Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, Veve\u0159\u00ed 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3686-3356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology of Building Materials and Components, Brno University of Technology, Veve\u0159\u00ed 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053161664","display_name":"S\u0142awomir Czarnecki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8021-943X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11923345","display_name":"Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/008fyn775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11923345"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u0142awomir Czarnecki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-372 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8021-943X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-372 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11923345","https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041610993","display_name":"Adrian Chajec","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5329-9534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11923345","display_name":"Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/008fyn775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11923345"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Chajec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-372 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5329-9534","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-372 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11923345","https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086098628"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2490},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2490},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58876852,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"6","first_page":"1168","last_page":"1168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10687","display_name":"Innovative concrete reinforcement materials","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bond-strength","display_name":"Bond strength","score":0.7534999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/casting","display_name":"Casting","score":0.5533000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4860999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cementitious","display_name":"Cementitious","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-relationship","display_name":"Linear relationship","score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-printing","display_name":"3D printing","score":0.35199999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7914000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159096172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914535","display_name":"Bond strength","level":4,"score":0.7534999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.652899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16635281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496098","display_name":"Casting","level":2,"score":0.5533000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4860999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779666059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cementitious","level":3,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019152653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186290","display_name":"Linear relationship","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524769229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3D printing","level":2,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197751951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046363","display_name":"Surface layer","level":3,"score":0.3440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984173401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914535","display_name":"Bonding strength","level":2,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11693","display_name":"Bond","level":2,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150581940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622205","display_name":"Specific surface area","level":3,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7645993","display_name":"Surface modification","level":2,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112950240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76005","display_name":"Ultimate tensile strength","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155860418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863695","display_name":"Bond length","level":3,"score":0.2606000006198883}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma19061168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061168","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/19/6/1168/pdf?version=1773739838","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41900658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41900658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13027897","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13027897/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Materials (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma19061168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061168","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/19/6/1168/pdf?version=1773739838","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G381951594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FAST-S-26-8986","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322748","funder_display_name":"Vysok\u00e9 U\u010den\u00ed Technick\u00e9 v Brn\u011b"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322748","display_name":"Vysok\u00e9 U\u010den\u00ed Technick\u00e9 v Brn\u011b","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7138511873.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7138511873.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2009892931","https://openalex.org/W2036656699","https://openalex.org/W2094141595","https://openalex.org/W2747578198","https://openalex.org/W2753170214","https://openalex.org/W2763310144","https://openalex.org/W2883378394","https://openalex.org/W2889198784","https://openalex.org/W2916276224","https://openalex.org/W2920739940","https://openalex.org/W2957412640","https://openalex.org/W3007086704","https://openalex.org/W3019238985","https://openalex.org/W3090898924","https://openalex.org/W3092302407","https://openalex.org/W3094269222","https://openalex.org/W3102176962","https://openalex.org/W3120994658","https://openalex.org/W3159623131","https://openalex.org/W3175464350","https://openalex.org/W3198823078","https://openalex.org/W3203745478","https://openalex.org/W4220848454","https://openalex.org/W4220909843","https://openalex.org/W4226225431","https://openalex.org/W4280631303","https://openalex.org/W4282943113","https://openalex.org/W4285034019","https://openalex.org/W4320351599","https://openalex.org/W4328051571","https://openalex.org/W4391071316","https://openalex.org/W4414314640","https://openalex.org/W7117983474","https://openalex.org/W7119107142","https://openalex.org/W7125686959"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Three-dimensional":[0],"(3D)":[1],"printing,":[2],"also":[3],"known":[4],"as":[5],"additive":[6],"manufacturing":[7],"of":[8,56,97,157,170,175,208,224,239],"cementitious":[9],"materials,":[10],"appears":[11],"to":[12,17,36,52,123,148,211,220],"be":[13,131,184],"a":[14,20,98,115,124,149,163,167,192],"promising":[15],"way":[16,21],"build":[18],"in":[19,127,145,155,195,227],"that":[22,109,142],"is":[23,41,190],"more":[24],"time-efficient,":[25],"cost-effective":[26],"and,":[27],"under":[28],"certain":[29],"conditions,":[30],"environmentally":[31],"friendly.":[32],"This":[33,68,188],"technology":[34,207],"continues":[35],"exhibit":[37],"significant":[38,116],"inhomogeneity,":[39],"which":[40],"frequently":[42],"caused":[43,230],"by":[44,137,231],"the":[45,54,57,65,95,103,110,135,143,173,176,180,199,213,218,222,232,240],"interlayer":[46,58,85,89,111,214],"area.":[47],"The":[48,139,205],"presented":[49],"research":[50],"aims":[51],"clarify":[53],"influence":[55],"surface":[59,86,90,112,151,177,196,215],"area":[60,113,136,152,178,197,216],"and":[61,73,80,186,203],"delay":[62,78,160,234],"time":[63,235],"on":[64,118,166],"bond":[66,120,128,181],"strength.":[67],"study":[69],"involved":[70],"reference":[71],"cast":[72,81],"printed":[74],"samples":[75,82],"with":[76,83,162],"different":[77,84,233],"times":[79],"areas.":[87],"Different":[88],"areas":[91],"were":[92],"accomplished":[93],"through":[94],"utilisation":[96],"teeth":[99,201,210],"shaper":[100],"before":[101],"casting":[102],"second":[104],"layer.":[105],"Research":[106],"has":[107,114,217],"shown":[108],"impact":[117],"layer":[119],"strength;":[121],"up":[122],"70%":[125],"increase":[126,144,194],"strength":[129,146,182],"can":[130],"achieved":[132],"while":[133],"increasing":[134],"20%.":[138],"results":[140],"show":[141],"due":[147],"larger":[150],"remained":[153],"constant":[154],"terms":[156],"percentage,":[158],"across":[159],"times,":[161],"linear":[164],"dependency":[165],"specific":[168],"range":[169],"conditions.":[171],"After":[172],"threshold":[174,189],"increased,":[179],"could":[183],"compromised":[185],"lowered.":[187],"above":[191],"120%":[193],"for":[198],"used":[200],"geometry":[202],"material.":[204],"proposed":[206],"ejecting":[209],"alter":[212],"potential":[219],"reduce":[221],"heterogeneity":[223],"mechanical":[225],"properties":[226],"3D-printed":[228],"objects,":[229],"between":[236],"layers,":[237],"because":[238],"print":[241],"strategy":[242],"or":[243],"material":[244],"shortage.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}