{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414350344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18184387","title":"Recycled Materials and Lightweight Insulating Additions to Mixtures for 3D Concrete Printing","display_name":"Recycled Materials and Lightweight Insulating Additions to Mixtures for 3D Concrete Printing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414350344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18184387","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41010229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma18184387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18184387","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/18/18/4387/pdf?version=1758290611","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/18/18/4387/pdf?version=1758290611","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083489114","display_name":"Marcin Maroszek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6554-4613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092770","display_name":"Cracow University of Technology","ror":null,"country_code":"PL","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092770"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcin Maroszek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6554-4613","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092680916","display_name":"Magdalena Rudziewicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9444-5699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092770","display_name":"Cracow University of Technology","ror":null,"country_code":"PL","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092770"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magdalena Rudziewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9444-5699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044608057","display_name":"Karina Rusin-\u017burek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1194-3279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092770","display_name":"Cracow University of Technology","ror":null,"country_code":"PL","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092770"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karina Rusin-\u017burek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1194-3279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078184764","display_name":"Izabela Hager","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2852-8934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092770","display_name":"Cracow University of Technology","ror":null,"country_code":"PL","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092770"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Izabela Hager","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Building Materials Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2852-8934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Building Materials Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092770"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055264126","display_name":"Marek Hebda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8583-9459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092770","display_name":"Cracow University of Technology","ror":null,"country_code":"PL","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092770"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marek Hebda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8583-9459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092770"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055264126"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092770"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2490},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2490},"fwci":0.8988,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77916768,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"18","first_page":"4387","last_page":"4387"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11006","display_name":"BIM and Construction Integration","score":0.9621999859809875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"Compressive strength","score":0.7792999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexural-strength","display_name":"Flexural strength","score":0.6891000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/absorption-of-water","display_name":"Absorption of water","score":0.6567999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perlite","display_name":"Perlite","score":0.5940999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-conductivity","display_name":"Thermal conductivity","score":0.5662999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrusion","display_name":"Extrusion","score":0.5023000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/porosity","display_name":"Porosity","score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal","display_name":"Thermal","score":0.42289999127388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.7792999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.725600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178405089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857201","display_name":"Flexural strength","level":2,"score":0.6891000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168314062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2550696","display_name":"Absorption of water","level":2,"score":0.6567999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780302967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655819","display_name":"Perlite","level":2,"score":0.5940999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97346530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487005","display_name":"Thermal conductivity","level":2,"score":0.5662999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778958987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139143","display_name":"Extrusion","level":2,"score":0.5023000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777922577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146243","display_name":"Polystyrene","level":3,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778223994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905592","display_name":"Filler (materials)","level":2,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85725439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686","display_name":"Anisotropy","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988076202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240553","display_name":"Mechanical strength","level":2,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93973069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899249","display_name":"Bulk density","level":3,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779584405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029620","display_name":"Coir","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019388083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146243","display_name":"Expanded polystyrene","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma18184387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18184387","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/18/18/4387/pdf?version=1758290611","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41010229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41010229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11278666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12471513","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12471513","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12471513/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Materials (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma18184387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18184387","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/18/18/4387/pdf?version=1758290611","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4472214256","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DWD/5/0237/2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322733","funder_display_name":"Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322733","display_name":"Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki","ror":"https://ror.org/05dwvd537"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414350344.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W849888622","https://openalex.org/W1970310027","https://openalex.org/W2808210411","https://openalex.org/W2808508889","https://openalex.org/W2910232410","https://openalex.org/W2920275820","https://openalex.org/W2969699367","https://openalex.org/W3006766015","https://openalex.org/W3007415625","https://openalex.org/W3083034617","https://openalex.org/W3126133444","https://openalex.org/W3186894460","https://openalex.org/W4224236863","https://openalex.org/W4226423402","https://openalex.org/W4254618192","https://openalex.org/W4309630756","https://openalex.org/W4310723178","https://openalex.org/W4315865197","https://openalex.org/W4316466879","https://openalex.org/W4324393065","https://openalex.org/W4327984012","https://openalex.org/W4375946416","https://openalex.org/W4379806371","https://openalex.org/W4385252259","https://openalex.org/W4385266997","https://openalex.org/W4385725680","https://openalex.org/W4386006202","https://openalex.org/W4389100311","https://openalex.org/W4391485883","https://openalex.org/W4392303185","https://openalex.org/W4392660015","https://openalex.org/W4393281790","https://openalex.org/W4396920194","https://openalex.org/W4399693200","https://openalex.org/W4401684799","https://openalex.org/W4405585587","https://openalex.org/W4413008842"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Three-dimensional":[0],"concrete":[1],"printing":[2],"(3DCP)":[3],"is":[4],"advancing":[5],"rapidly,":[6],"yet":[7],"its":[8],"sustainable":[9],"adoption":[10],"requires":[11],"alignment":[12],"with":[13,24,120,129,145,164,223],"circular-economy":[14],"principles.":[15],"This":[16],"study":[17],"evaluates":[18],"the":[19,40,114,185,199],"substitution":[20],"of":[21,42,160],"natural":[22],"aggregates":[23,234],"recycled":[25,122,233],"constituents,":[26],"3DCP":[27,91,161,245],"waste,":[28],"brick":[29],"debris,":[30],"glass":[31],"cullet,":[32],"mixed":[33],"rubble,":[34,99],"fly":[35],"ash,":[36,89],"and":[37,39,52,59,73,104,127,190,196,235],"slag,":[38],"use":[41],"lightweight":[43,47,220,236],"fillers":[44,178,238],"(expanded":[45],"perlite,":[46,224],"expanded":[48,53],"clay":[49],"aggregate":[50],"(LECA),":[51],"polystyrene":[54],"(EPS))":[55],"to":[56,149,154,170,209],"reduce":[57],"density":[58],"improve":[60],"insulation.":[61],"Key":[62],"properties,":[63],"such":[64],"as":[65],"particle-size":[66],"distribution,":[67],"printability,":[68],"mechanical":[69],"performance,":[70],"thermal":[71,181,201],"conductivity,":[72],"water":[74,102],"absorption,":[75],"were":[76,133],"determined.":[77],"Results":[78],"indicate":[79],"that":[80,231],"grading":[81],"strongly":[82],"affected":[83],"mixture":[84],"behavior.":[85],"Narrow":[86],"distributions":[87],"(fly":[88],"milled":[90],"waste)":[92],"enhanced":[93],"extrudability,":[94],"while":[95],"broader":[96,143],"gradings":[97],"(glass,":[98],"slag)":[100],"increased":[101,128],"demand":[103],"extrusion":[105],"risks.":[106],"Despite":[107],"these":[108],"differences,":[109],"all":[110],"systems":[111],"remained":[112],"within":[113],"printable":[115],"window:":[116],"flow":[117],"spread":[118],"decreased":[119,215],"most":[121],"additions":[123],"(lowest":[124],"for":[125],"brick)":[126],"glass.":[130],"Mechanical":[131],"responses":[132],"composition-dependent.":[134],"Flexural":[135],"strength":[136,140,152,167,189,206],"typically":[137],"decreased.":[138],"Compressive":[139],"benefited":[141],"from":[142],"gradings,":[144],"replacement":[146],"levels":[147],"up":[148,169],"~6%":[150],"enhancing":[151],"due":[153,208],"improved":[155],"packing.":[156],"Loading":[157],"anisotropy":[158],"typical":[159],"was":[162],"observed,":[163],"perpendicular":[165],"compressive":[166],"reaching":[168],"13%":[171],"higher":[172,226],"values":[173],"than":[174],"parallel":[175],"loading.":[176],"Lightweight":[177],"significantly":[179],"reduced":[180],"conductivity.":[182],"LECA":[183],"provided":[184],"best":[186],"compromise":[187],"between":[188],"insulation,":[191],"perlite":[192],"showed":[193],"intermediate":[194],"behavior,":[195],"EPS":[197],"achieved":[198],"lowest":[200],"conductivity":[202],"but":[203],"induced":[204],"significant":[205],"penalties":[207],"weak":[210],"matrix-EPS":[211],"interfaces.":[212],"Water":[213],"absorption":[214],"in":[216],"recycled-aggregate":[217],"mixes,":[218],"whereas":[219],"systems,":[221],"particularly":[222],"retained":[225],"uptake.":[227],"The":[228],"results":[229],"demonstrate":[230],"non-reactive":[232],"insulating":[237],"can":[239],"be":[240],"successfully":[241],"integrated":[242],"into":[243],"extrusion-based":[244],"without":[246],"compromising":[247],"printability.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
