{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200510600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010100","title":"Early-Age Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Mortar with Spent Garnet","display_name":"Early-Age Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Mortar with Spent Garnet","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200510600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010100","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35009250"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma15010100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/1/100/pdf?version=1640272498","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/1/100/pdf?version=1640272498","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087034110","display_name":"Szymon Skibicki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2918-7759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155313962","display_name":"West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin","ror":"https://ror.org/0596m7f19","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155313962"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Szymon Skibicki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piast\u00f3w 50a, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2918-7759","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piast\u00f3w 50a, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155313962"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019212236","display_name":"Patrycja Jakubowska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6193-6628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155313962","display_name":"West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin","ror":"https://ror.org/0596m7f19","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155313962"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Patrycja Jakubowska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piast\u00f3w 50a, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6193-6628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piast\u00f3w 50a, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155313962"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002397350","display_name":"Maria Kaszy\u0144ska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8867-6974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155313962","display_name":"West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin","ror":"https://ror.org/0596m7f19","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155313962"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Kaszy\u0144ska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piast\u00f3w 50a, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8867-6974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piast\u00f3w 50a, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155313962"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058790308","display_name":"Daniel Sibera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7542-8093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155313962","display_name":"West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin","ror":"https://ror.org/0596m7f19","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155313962"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Sibera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piast\u00f3w 50a, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piast\u00f3w 50a, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155313962"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059167992","display_name":"Krzysztof Cendrowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7913-6300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155313962","display_name":"West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin","ror":"https://ror.org/0596m7f19","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155313962"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krzysztof Cendrowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piast\u00f3w 50a, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7913-6300","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piast\u00f3w 50a, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155313962"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007825307","display_name":"M. Hoffmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2418-4759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155313962","display_name":"West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin","ror":"https://ror.org/0596m7f19","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155313962"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcin Hoffmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piast\u00f3w 19, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2418-4759","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piast\u00f3w 19, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155313962"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019212236","https://openalex.org/A5087034110"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155313962"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2490},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2490},"fwci":1.8213,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83824705,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"100","last_page":"100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11643","display_name":"Building materials and conservation","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortar","display_name":"Mortar","score":0.8144117593765259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6981761455535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"Compressive strength","score":0.638043224811554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","score":0.6261290907859802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.5572277307510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cementitious","display_name":"Cementitious","score":0.5477518439292908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulus","display_name":"Modulus","score":0.4700290858745575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volume","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","score":0.45933404564857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cement","display_name":"Cement","score":0.2087118923664093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130767629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7905205","display_name":"Mortar","level":2,"score":0.8144117593765259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6981761455535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.638043224811554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.6261290907859802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.5572277307510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779666059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cementitious","level":3,"score":0.5477518439292908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193867417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889814","display_name":"Modulus","level":2,"score":0.4700290858745575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.45933404564857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.2087118923664093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma15010100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/1/100/pdf?version=1640272498","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35009250","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35009250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:725f8a90f24d40cbb781fd6010da3235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/725f8a90f24d40cbb781fd6010da3235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Materials, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 100 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1996-1944/15/1/100/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Materials; Volume 15; Issue 1; Pages: 100","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8746219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8746219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Materials (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma15010100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/1/100/pdf?version=1640272498","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200510600.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200510600.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54127074","https://openalex.org/W1964432353","https://openalex.org/W2009892931","https://openalex.org/W2016188675","https://openalex.org/W2030488271","https://openalex.org/W2032273525","https://openalex.org/W2044828299","https://openalex.org/W2047273065","https://openalex.org/W2051201725","https://openalex.org/W2093311332","https://openalex.org/W2220612361","https://openalex.org/W2311784954","https://openalex.org/W2396062099","https://openalex.org/W2604661082","https://openalex.org/W2606387782","https://openalex.org/W2766511018","https://openalex.org/W2778328271","https://openalex.org/W2790927589","https://openalex.org/W2800610918","https://openalex.org/W2807968168","https://openalex.org/W2808210411","https://openalex.org/W2914766023","https://openalex.org/W2920739940","https://openalex.org/W2921177911","https://openalex.org/W2951747686","https://openalex.org/W2963352890","https://openalex.org/W3008107225","https://openalex.org/W3008243377","https://openalex.org/W3011924048","https://openalex.org/W3016152200","https://openalex.org/W3032971983","https://openalex.org/W3037300843","https://openalex.org/W3040917970","https://openalex.org/W3041828648","https://openalex.org/W3043017100","https://openalex.org/W3109537027","https://openalex.org/W3119869319","https://openalex.org/W3127622131","https://openalex.org/W3128105554","https://openalex.org/W3131118160","https://openalex.org/W3134012612","https://openalex.org/W3134049043","https://openalex.org/W3134713739","https://openalex.org/W3140431969","https://openalex.org/W3160681749","https://openalex.org/W3186785127","https://openalex.org/W3186894460","https://openalex.org/W3188758367","https://openalex.org/W3189664196","https://openalex.org/W3210301083","https://openalex.org/W4200476344","https://openalex.org/W6774192688","https://openalex.org/W6788805810"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3020175121","https://openalex.org/W4306789914","https://openalex.org/W2589897978","https://openalex.org/W2323006334","https://openalex.org/W2560059326","https://openalex.org/W4205983563","https://openalex.org/W3043291730","https://openalex.org/W2965690343","https://openalex.org/W2182370161","https://openalex.org/W150294611"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,172],"study":[1],"determines":[2],"the":[3,48,64,67,86,114,125,160,184],"effect":[4],"of":[5,39,57,66,81,85,165,179,188],"spent":[6,24,134],"garnet":[7,25,135,169],"as":[8,53],"a":[9,54,74,138],"replacement":[10,163],"for":[11],"natural":[12,166],"sand":[13,167],"in":[14,133,140,177,183],"3D-printed":[15],"mortar":[16],"at":[17,97],"early":[18],"ages.":[19],"Five":[20],"mixes":[21,47],"with":[22,77,168],"different":[23],"amounts":[26],"were":[27,60,108,121],"prepared":[28],"(0%,":[29],"25%,":[30],"50%,":[31],"75%":[32],"and":[33,90,102,113,143,149],"100%":[34],"by":[35],"volume).":[36],"The":[37,127],"ratio":[38,50],"binder":[40],"to":[41,62,123,147,156],"aggregate":[42],"remained":[43],"unchanged.":[44],"In":[45],"all":[46],"water/binder":[49],"was":[51,153],"assumed":[52],"constant":[55],"value":[56],"0.375.":[58],"Tests":[59],"performed":[61],"confirm":[63],"printability":[65],"mix":[68,87],"(a":[69],"path":[70],"quality":[71],"test":[72],"using":[73,180],"gantry":[75],"robot":[76],"an":[78,131],"extruder).":[79],"Determinations":[80],"key":[82],"buildability":[83],"properties":[84],"(green":[88],"strength":[89,96,142],"Young's":[91,144],"Modulus)":[92],"during":[93],"uniaxial":[94],"compressive":[95],"15":[98],"min,":[99],"30":[100],"min":[101,104],"45":[103],"after":[105],"adding":[106],"water":[107],"conducted.":[109],"A":[110],"hydraulic":[111],"press":[112],"GOM":[115],"ARAMIS":[116],"precision":[117],"image":[118],"analysis":[119],"system":[120],"used":[122],"conduct":[124],"study.":[126],"results":[128],"showed":[129],"that":[130,155],"increase":[132],"content":[136],"caused":[137],"decrease":[139],"green":[141],"Modulus":[145],"(up":[146],"69.91%":[148],"80.37%,":[150],"respectively).":[151],"It":[152],"found":[154],"maintain":[157],"proper":[158],"buildability,":[159],"recommended":[161],"maximum":[162],"rate":[164],"is":[170],"50%.":[171],"research":[173],"contributes":[174],"new":[175],"knowledge":[176],"terms":[178],"recycled":[181],"waste":[182],"3D":[185],"printing":[186],"technology":[187],"cementitious":[189],"materials.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}