{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414062677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng6030047","title":"Freeze\u2013Thaw Durability of 3D Printed Concrete: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms, Materials, and Testing Strategies","display_name":"Freeze\u2013Thaw Durability of 3D Printed Concrete: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms, Materials, and Testing Strategies","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414062677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng6030047"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/civileng6030047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng6030047","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4109/6/3/47/pdf?version=1757149676","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223533","display_name":"CivilEng","issn_l":"2673-4109","issn":["2673-4109"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CivilEng","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4109/6/3/47/pdf?version=1757149676","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022992455","display_name":"Moein Mousavi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9006-4427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moein Mousavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glenn Department of Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9006-4427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glenn Department of Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021678637","display_name":"Prasada Rao Rangaraju","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4285-1252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Prasad Rangaraju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glenn Department of Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glenn Department of Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021678637"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"fwci":0.8988,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77552697,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"47","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10687","display_name":"Innovative concrete reinforcement materials","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/durability","display_name":"Durability","score":0.8871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-printing","display_name":"3D printing","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-printed","display_name":"3d printed","score":0.6057000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nozzle","display_name":"Nozzle","score":0.5874999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"Compressive strength","score":0.4616999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.34599998593330383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104304963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5316114","display_name":"Durability","level":2,"score":0.8871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524769229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3D printing","level":2,"score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019308078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3d printed","level":2,"score":0.6057000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56200935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250840","display_name":"Nozzle","level":2,"score":0.5874999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.477400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.4616999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.38040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77595967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013","display_name":"Forensic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107053488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423","display_name":"Construction engineering","level":1,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204217086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240553","display_name":"Strength of materials","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193867417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889814","display_name":"Modulus","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34559072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2334061","display_name":"Design of experiments","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.2590999901294708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/civileng6030047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng6030047","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4109/6/3/47/pdf?version=1757149676","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223533","display_name":"CivilEng","issn_l":"2673-4109","issn":["2673-4109"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CivilEng","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c0a3a478f6e24e56ba12162e0b4c6511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c0a3a478f6e24e56ba12162e0b4c6511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CivilEng, Vol 6, Iss 3, p 47 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/civileng6030047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng6030047","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4109/6/3/47/pdf?version=1757149676","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223533","display_name":"CivilEng","issn_l":"2673-4109","issn":["2673-4109"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CivilEng","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414062677.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414062677.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013223739","https://openalex.org/W2022632042","https://openalex.org/W2060802121","https://openalex.org/W2204172365","https://openalex.org/W2425916801","https://openalex.org/W2753170214","https://openalex.org/W2791503382","https://openalex.org/W2921177911","https://openalex.org/W2943908909","https://openalex.org/W3029929123","https://openalex.org/W3160610621","https://openalex.org/W4223901684","https://openalex.org/W4283716966","https://openalex.org/W4285585380","https://openalex.org/W4288885739","https://openalex.org/W4293659640","https://openalex.org/W4385173500","https://openalex.org/W4390007576","https://openalex.org/W4390349506","https://openalex.org/W4390862994","https://openalex.org/W4391228046","https://openalex.org/W4391491673","https://openalex.org/W4391953286","https://openalex.org/W4392137946","https://openalex.org/W4392740789","https://openalex.org/W4399236577","https://openalex.org/W4399877999","https://openalex.org/W4400351982","https://openalex.org/W4400606916","https://openalex.org/W4400624982","https://openalex.org/W4400881443","https://openalex.org/W4401673159","https://openalex.org/W4402205387","https://openalex.org/W4404958455","https://openalex.org/W4405761957","https://openalex.org/W4405917951","https://openalex.org/W4407240827","https://openalex.org/W4407776134","https://openalex.org/W4407783274","https://openalex.org/W4407846970","https://openalex.org/W4407961073","https://openalex.org/W4408741532","https://openalex.org/W4408839280","https://openalex.org/W4409157934","https://openalex.org/W4412071715"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2352180411","https://openalex.org/W2380892508","https://openalex.org/W2386194254","https://openalex.org/W1567463853","https://openalex.org/W159888992","https://openalex.org/W1458806294","https://openalex.org/W2024940580","https://openalex.org/W2355407165","https://openalex.org/W4239650436","https://openalex.org/W2349263281"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,151,177],"growing":[1],"application":[2],"of":[3,33,41,79,153,179,187,211],"3D":[4],"concrete":[5,43],"printing":[6,132,142,204],"(3DCP)":[7],"in":[8,23,161,165,219],"construction":[9],"has":[10],"raised":[11],"important":[12],"questions":[13],"regarding":[14],"its":[15,216],"long-term":[16],"durability":[17],"under":[18],"freeze\u2013thaw":[19],"(F\u2013T)":[20],"exposure,":[21],"particularly":[22],"cold":[24],"climates.":[25],"This":[26,195],"review":[27,196],"paper":[28],"presents":[29],"a":[30,119,154],"comprehensive":[31],"examination":[32],"recent":[34],"research":[35,193],"focused":[36],"on":[37],"the":[38,77,92,184,208],"F\u2013T":[39,101,128,175,209],"performance":[40],"3D-printed":[42],"(3DPC).":[44],"Key":[45],"material":[46],"and":[47,57,68,76,84,140,183,203],"process":[48],"parameters":[49],"influencing":[50],"durability,":[51],"such":[52,134,156],"as":[53,135,157,191],"print":[54],"orientation,":[55],"admixtures,":[56],"layer":[58],"bonding,":[59],"are":[60,71,189],"critically":[61],"evaluated.":[62],"Experimental":[63],"findings":[64],"from":[65],"mechanical,":[66],"microstructural,":[67],"imaging":[69],"studies":[70],"discussed,":[72],"highlighting":[73],"anisotropic":[74],"vulnerabilities":[75],"potential":[78],"advanced":[80],"additives":[81],"like":[82],"nanofillers":[83],"air-entraining":[85,88],"agents.":[86],"Notably,":[87],"agents":[89],"(AEA)":[90],"reduced":[91,136,145],"compressive":[93,166],"strength":[94,167],"loss":[95],"by":[96,148],"1.4\u20135.3%":[97],"after":[98,124,173],"exposure":[99],"to":[100,104,126,206,214],"cycles":[102],"compared":[103],"control":[105],"samples.":[106],"Additionally,":[107],"horizontally":[108],"cored":[109],"specimens":[110],"with":[111],"AEA":[112],"incorporated":[113],"into":[114,199],"their":[115],"mixture":[116],"design":[117],"showed":[118],"15%":[120],"higher":[121],"dynamic":[122],"modulus":[123],"up":[125],"300":[127],"cycles.":[129],"Furthermore,":[130],"optimized":[131],"parameters,":[133],"nozzle":[137],"standoff":[138],"distance":[139],"minimized":[141],"time":[143],"gap,":[144],"surface":[146],"scaling":[147],"over":[149],"50%.":[150],"addition":[152],"nanofiller":[155],"nano":[158],"zinc":[159],"oxide":[160],"3DPC":[162],"can":[163],"result":[164],"retention":[168],"rates":[169],"exceeding":[170],"95%":[171],"even":[172],"aggressive":[174],"cycling.":[176],"lack":[178],"standard":[180],"testing":[181],"protocols":[182],"geometry":[185],"dependence":[186],"degradation":[188],"emphasized":[190],"key":[192],"gaps.":[194],"provides":[197],"insights":[198],"optimizing":[200],"mix":[201],"designs":[202],"strategies":[205],"improve":[207],"resistance":[210],"3DPC,":[212],"aiming":[213],"support":[215],"reliable":[217],"implementation":[218],"cold-region":[220],"infrastructure.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
