{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415271660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203731","title":"Investigation of Waste Steel Fiber Usage Rate and Length Change on Some Fresh State Properties of 3D Printable Concrete Mixtures","display_name":"Investigation of Waste Steel Fiber Usage Rate and Length Change on Some Fresh State Properties of 3D Printable Concrete Mixtures","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415271660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203731"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings15203731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203731","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/20/3731/pdf?version=1760615073","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/20/3731/pdf?version=1760615073","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093635181","display_name":"Fatih Eren Akg\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6037-1105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131835042","display_name":"Bursa Uluda\u011f \u00dcni\u0307versi\u0307tesi\u0307","ror":"https://ror.org/03tg3eb07","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatih Eren Akg\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055609289","display_name":"Hatice Gizem \u015eahin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8915-879X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131835042","display_name":"Bursa Uluda\u011f \u00dcni\u0307versi\u0307tesi\u0307","ror":"https://ror.org/03tg3eb07","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hatice Gizem \u015eahin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8915-879X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001743358","display_name":"Ali Mardani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0326-5015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131835042","display_name":"Bursa Uluda\u011f \u00dcni\u0307versi\u0307tesi\u0307","ror":"https://ror.org/03tg3eb07","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Mardani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0326-5015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001743358"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1949},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1949},"fwci":0.8988,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78807341,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"20","first_page":"3731","last_page":"3731"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11006","display_name":"BIM and Construction Integration","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thixotropy","display_name":"Thixotropy","score":0.9136999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rheology","display_name":"Rheology","score":0.7800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber","display_name":"Fiber","score":0.5527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-granulated-blast-furnace-slag","display_name":"Ground granulated blast-furnace slag","score":0.4851999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viscosity","display_name":"Viscosity","score":0.4837999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volume","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","score":0.476500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cement","display_name":"Cement","score":0.4747999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rheometer","display_name":"Rheometer","score":0.4410000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56918372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288903","display_name":"Thixotropy","level":2,"score":0.9136999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8779000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200990466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271707","display_name":"Rheology","level":2,"score":0.7800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.6168000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519885992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161","display_name":"Fiber","level":2,"score":0.5527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33819350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353009","display_name":"Ground granulated blast-furnace slag","level":3,"score":0.4851999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127172972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128709","display_name":"Viscosity","level":2,"score":0.4837999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.476500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.4747999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196445361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424279","display_name":"Rheometer","level":3,"score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159048435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105783","display_name":"Slag (welding)","level":2,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138777275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779016933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397403","display_name":"Fiber-reinforced concrete","level":3,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65590680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909482","display_name":"Volume fraction","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159727521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4780934","display_name":"Apparent viscosity","level":3,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings15203731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203731","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/20/3731/pdf?version=1760615073","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:ee419a71-9f18-44f0-9269-0fca0a753286","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://avesis.uludag.edu.tr/publication/details/ee419a71-9f18-44f0-9269-0fca0a753286/oai","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055210","display_name":"Bursa Uludag University - AVESIS","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a5b0bedf9e7f46dbae39aae3bca73de4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a5b0bedf9e7f46dbae39aae3bca73de4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Buildings, Vol 15, Iss 20, p 3731 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings15203731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203731","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/20/3731/pdf?version=1760615073","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1264296214","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"124M212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","funder_display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3405303410","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TUBITAK 2211-A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","funder_display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4808713636","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2211-A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","funder_display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5760521236","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2210-A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","funder_display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9kkr77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322628","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimler Akademisi","ror":"https://ror.org/00aqt9352"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415271660.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415271660.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1882954065","https://openalex.org/W1963974315","https://openalex.org/W1964946787","https://openalex.org/W1986585899","https://openalex.org/W1990025586","https://openalex.org/W2015504316","https://openalex.org/W2071719059","https://openalex.org/W2079527611","https://openalex.org/W2088853291","https://openalex.org/W2118750507","https://openalex.org/W2133855538","https://openalex.org/W2167033725","https://openalex.org/W2221387818","https://openalex.org/W2294008800","https://openalex.org/W2522137783","https://openalex.org/W2625901382","https://openalex.org/W2736408672","https://openalex.org/W2773483721","https://openalex.org/W2774015762","https://openalex.org/W2808605162","https://openalex.org/W2943832983","https://openalex.org/W2948677122","https://openalex.org/W2955584588","https://openalex.org/W2995378809","https://openalex.org/W3014468256","https://openalex.org/W3014739067","https://openalex.org/W3087890233","https://openalex.org/W3092302407","https://openalex.org/W3095037104","https://openalex.org/W3166796449","https://openalex.org/W3182884569","https://openalex.org/W3194061681","https://openalex.org/W3214091536","https://openalex.org/W3215476887","https://openalex.org/W3216091171","https://openalex.org/W4210417658","https://openalex.org/W4220911435","https://openalex.org/W4225306344","https://openalex.org/W4295166428","https://openalex.org/W4295204350","https://openalex.org/W4303613984","https://openalex.org/W4308888597","https://openalex.org/W4309632158","https://openalex.org/W4311291323","https://openalex.org/W4313856922","https://openalex.org/W4320726556","https://openalex.org/W4322503926","https://openalex.org/W4360985897","https://openalex.org/W4366524969","https://openalex.org/W4382202893","https://openalex.org/W4382458731","https://openalex.org/W4382601296","https://openalex.org/W4386799606","https://openalex.org/W4387233957","https://openalex.org/W4389546017","https://openalex.org/W4391986953","https://openalex.org/W4392962554","https://openalex.org/W4393183982","https://openalex.org/W4396952608","https://openalex.org/W4398693296","https://openalex.org/W4400423877","https://openalex.org/W4400559953","https://openalex.org/W4401177028","https://openalex.org/W4401912390","https://openalex.org/W4404093895","https://openalex.org/W4408541590","https://openalex.org/W4410111339","https://openalex.org/W4410738074","https://openalex.org/W4411204153","https://openalex.org/W4411353572","https://openalex.org/W4413510474"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"the":[3,31,59,123,157,188],"effects":[4],"of":[5,33,77,159,182],"waste":[6,53,198],"steel":[7,54],"fiber":[8,142],"and":[9,22,48,69,73,87,91,94,114,118,121,147,197,208],"high":[10,166],"volume":[11],"blast":[12],"furnace":[13],"slag":[14],"(BFS)":[15],"substitution":[16,109,131,176],"on":[17],"rheological":[18,93,154,206],"properties,":[19],"thixotropic":[20,95],"behavior":[21],"carbon":[23,169],"emission":[24,170],"were":[25,56,80,97],"investigated":[26],"in":[27,163],"order":[28],"to":[29,58,84,184,187,204],"increase":[30],"sustainability":[32],"three-dimensional":[34],"(3D)":[35],"printable":[36],"concrete":[37,214],"(3DPC).":[38],"Cement":[39],"was":[40],"replaced":[41],"with":[42,82,145,150,165],"BFS":[43,108,130,148,175,196],"at":[44,61],"0%,":[45],"25%,":[46],"50%":[47,107],"75%":[49,129,174],"by":[50,99,116],"volume,":[51],"while":[52,156],"fibers":[55,152,161,199],"added":[57],"mixtures":[60,79,164],"three":[62],"different":[63],"lengths":[64],"(5,":[65],"10,":[66],"15":[67],"mm)":[68],"volumetric":[70],"ratios":[71],"(0.5%":[72],"1.0%).":[74],"A":[75],"total":[76],"39":[78],"optimized":[81],"respect":[83],"extrudability,":[85],"buildability":[86],"shape":[88],"stability":[89],"criteria,":[90],"their":[92],"properties":[96],"characterized":[98],"a":[100,126],"modified":[101],"rheometer":[102],"procedure.":[103],"Results":[104],"showed":[105],"that":[106,173,194],"reduced":[110],"dynamic":[111],"yield":[112],"stress":[113],"viscosity":[115],"69%":[117],"52%,":[119],"respectively,":[120],"eliminated":[122],"need":[124],"for":[125,211],"water-reducing":[127],"admixture.":[128],"improved":[132],"structural":[133],"build-up":[134],"(Athix)":[135],"but":[136],"required":[137],"6%":[138],"silica":[139],"fume.":[140],"The":[141,168],"effect":[143,158],"interacted":[144],"length":[146],"content,":[149],"short":[151],"increasing":[153],"resistance,":[155],"long":[160],"decreased":[162],"BFS.":[167],"assessment":[171],"revealed":[172],"provided":[177],"an":[178,201],"outstanding":[179],"CO2":[180],"reduction":[181],"up":[183],"71%":[185],"compared":[186],"control":[189],"mix.":[190],"These":[191],"findings":[192],"prove":[193],"high-volume":[195],"are":[200],"effective":[202],"strategy":[203],"optimize":[205],"performance":[207],"environmental":[209],"impact":[210],"sustainable":[212],"3D":[213],"printing.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-17T00:00:00"}
