{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388945195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122917","title":"The Effect of Printing Direction on the Strength Characteristics of a 3D Printed Concrete Wall Section","display_name":"The Effect of Printing Direction on the Strength Characteristics of a 3D Printed Concrete Wall Section","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388945195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122917"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings13122917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122917","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/12/2917/pdf?version=1700722879","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/12/2917/pdf?version=1700722879","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073540656","display_name":"Mattias P\u00f5ldaru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7959-6449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mattias P\u00f5ldaru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7959-6449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093325897","display_name":"Karl Tammk\u00f5rv","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karl Tammk\u00f5rv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053888038","display_name":"Tanel Tuisk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8597-7299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanel Tuisk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005812419","display_name":"Mihkel Kiviste","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8726-070X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mihkel Kiviste","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tartu College, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, 51008 Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8726-070X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tartu College, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, 51008 Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023365822","display_name":"Raido Puust","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0349-8348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raido Puust","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073540656"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1949},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1949},"fwci":0.5978,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66652094,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"12","first_page":"2917","last_page":"2917"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11006","display_name":"BIM and Construction Integration","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultimate-tensile-strength","display_name":"Ultimate tensile strength","score":0.7838907241821289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexural-strength","display_name":"Flexural strength","score":0.7507280111312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.7376375198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compaction","display_name":"Compaction","score":0.7194051742553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"Compressive strength","score":0.642524242401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.6412080526351929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrusion","display_name":"Extrusion","score":0.6109178066253662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-shortage","display_name":"Economic shortage","score":0.5917232036590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-printing","display_name":"3D printing","score":0.5705304145812988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.32275861501693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10966923832893372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112950240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76005","display_name":"Ultimate tensile strength","level":2,"score":0.7838907241821289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178405089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857201","display_name":"Flexural strength","level":2,"score":0.7507280111312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7376375198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196715460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414356","display_name":"Compaction","level":2,"score":0.7194051742553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.642524242401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.6412080526351929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778958987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139143","display_name":"Extrusion","level":2,"score":0.6109178066253662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.5917232036590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524769229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3D printing","level":2,"score":0.5705304145812988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.32275861501693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10966923832893372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings13122917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122917","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/12/2917/pdf?version=1700722879","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:88b63ed6958b4f89a51020f00e35d677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/88b63ed6958b4f89a51020f00e35d677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Buildings, Vol 13, Iss 12, p 2917 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2075-5309/13/12/2917/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122917","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings13122917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122917","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/12/2917/pdf?version=1700722879","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388945195.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2009892931","https://openalex.org/W2503299386","https://openalex.org/W2921177911","https://openalex.org/W2921961080","https://openalex.org/W2990427106","https://openalex.org/W3024171120","https://openalex.org/W3029018485","https://openalex.org/W3037300843","https://openalex.org/W3110757799","https://openalex.org/W3110976172","https://openalex.org/W3111944458","https://openalex.org/W3112884474","https://openalex.org/W3118548017","https://openalex.org/W3128895471","https://openalex.org/W3155783559","https://openalex.org/W3209800283","https://openalex.org/W3215323739","https://openalex.org/W4206142467","https://openalex.org/W4301625678","https://openalex.org/W4313856922","https://openalex.org/W4321602188","https://openalex.org/W4323869924","https://openalex.org/W4323922660","https://openalex.org/W4361246443","https://openalex.org/W4361267773","https://openalex.org/W4381832761","https://openalex.org/W6786402404","https://openalex.org/W6849912871"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2353373575","https://openalex.org/W3013719031","https://openalex.org/W2362061090","https://openalex.org/W1659936574","https://openalex.org/W3102567326","https://openalex.org/W2351799775","https://openalex.org/W2026545429","https://openalex.org/W1603813287","https://openalex.org/W1988129919","https://openalex.org/W2383118468"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"construction":[1,17],"is":[2,138],"expected":[3],"to":[4,43,52,82,106],"reduce":[5],"the":[6,12,16,33,45,48,53,57,71,88,107,118,121,132],"high":[7],"volume":[8],"of":[9,21,47,60,85,109,120],"waste":[10],"and":[11],"labour":[13],"shortage":[14],"in":[15,25,87,98],"sector.":[18],"The":[19,63],"properties":[20],"hardened":[22],"concrete":[23],"used":[24],"3D":[26],"printing":[27,54,89],"depend":[28],"on":[29,56],"numerous":[30],"parameters":[31],"within":[32],"manufacturing":[34],"process.":[35,90],"This":[36],"study":[37],"collected":[38],"data":[39],"using":[40],"208":[41],"specimens":[42],"measure":[44],"effect":[46],"loading":[49],"direction":[50,55],"relative":[51],"strength":[58,65,80,93,125,137],"characteristics":[59],"printed":[61,133],"concrete.":[62],"compressive":[64],"was":[66,126],"not":[67],"significantly":[68],"affected":[69],"by":[70,103],"directions,":[72],"but":[73],"showed":[74,94],"a":[75,95,113],"30%":[76],"reduction":[77,97],"from":[78],"mould-casted":[79],"due":[81,105],"lesser":[83],"amount":[84],"compaction":[86],"Flexural":[91],"tensile":[92,124,136],"14%":[96,127],"one":[99],"direction,":[100],"possibly":[101,139],"caused":[102],"heterogeneity":[104],"use":[108],"extrusion":[110],"head":[111],"with":[112],"35%":[114],"smaller":[115],"diameter":[116],"than":[117],"width":[119],"layer.":[122],"Splitting":[123,135],"lower":[128],"when":[129,142],"split":[130],"between":[131],"layers.":[134],"5%":[140],"higher":[141],"PP":[143],"fibres":[144],"are":[145],"oriented":[146],"favourably.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
