{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318481634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020366","title":"Experimental Application of Robotic Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufacturing Technique for Strengthening the I-Beam Profiles","display_name":"Experimental Application of Robotic Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufacturing Technique for Strengthening the I-Beam Profiles","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318481634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020366"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings13020366","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020366","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/2/366/pdf?version=1674956183","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/2/366/pdf?version=1674956183","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076000556","display_name":"Harald Kloft","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4891-869X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harald Kloft","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Tragwerksentwurf (ITE), Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4891-869X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Tragwerksentwurf (ITE), Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070235481","display_name":"Linus Paul Schmitz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linus Paul Schmitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Tragwerksentwurf (ITE), Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Tragwerksentwurf (ITE), Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100762435","display_name":"Christoph M\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5219-1695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph M\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Tragwerksentwurf (ITE), Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Tragwerksentwurf (ITE), Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091227657","display_name":"Vittoria Laghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8395-2194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vittoria Laghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02136, USA","Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8395-2194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02136, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087002025","display_name":"Neira Babovic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0010-6599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neira Babovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Tragwerksentwurf (ITE), Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0010-6599","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Tragwerksentwurf (ITE), Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008703589","display_name":"Abtin Baghdadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1259-6174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abtin Baghdadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Tragwerksentwurf (ITE), Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1259-6174","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Tragwerksentwurf (ITE), Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008703589","https://openalex.org/A5070235481"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1949},"apc_paid":{"value":1921,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2071},"fwci":5.2887,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96110486,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"366","last_page":"366"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11301","display_name":"Advanced Surface Polishing Techniques","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6410561800003052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.5354160666465759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.5257949233055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arc","display_name":"Arc (geometry)","score":0.5178866386413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabrication","display_name":"Fabrication","score":0.5056626796722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-design-process","display_name":"Engineering design process","score":0.4297913610935211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4197236895561218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.41892603039741516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40724360942840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-engineering","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","score":0.36620229482650757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.2586727738380432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6410561800003052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5354160666465759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.5257949233055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83415579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161973","display_name":"Arc (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5178866386413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.5056626796722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34972735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920267","display_name":"Engineering design process","level":2,"score":0.4297913610935211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4197236895561218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.41892603039741516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40724360942840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.36620229482650757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.2586727738380432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings13020366","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020366","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/2/366/pdf?version=1674956183","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/919054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/2/366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8197216e51fa4b0c9c94f621d1504012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8197216e51fa4b0c9c94f621d1504012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Buildings, Vol 13, Iss 2, p 366 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://leopard.tu-braunschweig.de/:dbbs_mods_00072418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://leopard.tu-braunschweig.de/receive/dbbs_mods_00072418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402617","display_name":"Digitale Bibliothek Braunschweig (Verbundzentrale G\u00f6ttingen (VZG))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210149878","host_organization_name":"Verbundzentrale des GBV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Buildings 13 (2023), 2, 366. - https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020366 -- http://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings -- http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2661539 -- 2075-5309","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2075-5309/13/2/366/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Buildings; Volume 13; Issue 2; Pages: 366","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings13020366","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020366","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/2/366/pdf?version=1674956183","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1711375714","https://openalex.org/W1977082206","https://openalex.org/W2009949782","https://openalex.org/W2102387735","https://openalex.org/W2130174037","https://openalex.org/W2138664833","https://openalex.org/W2314804958","https://openalex.org/W2484356786","https://openalex.org/W2490903745","https://openalex.org/W2620310582","https://openalex.org/W2737112236","https://openalex.org/W2765110863","https://openalex.org/W2884812296","https://openalex.org/W2900608483","https://openalex.org/W2918438737","https://openalex.org/W2965706522","https://openalex.org/W2977707882","https://openalex.org/W2979902195","https://openalex.org/W3047523164","https://openalex.org/W3081469249","https://openalex.org/W3195723172","https://openalex.org/W3200593162","https://openalex.org/W4200041257","https://openalex.org/W4236810301","https://openalex.org/W4291214123","https://openalex.org/W4293490430","https://openalex.org/W4296450891","https://openalex.org/W6739106087","https://openalex.org/W6769095784","https://openalex.org/W6781773991","https://openalex.org/W6804031808","https://openalex.org/W6941327429","https://openalex.org/W6982149094"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2012842278","https://openalex.org/W2981470143","https://openalex.org/W2681895776","https://openalex.org/W2390622580","https://openalex.org/W1966865825","https://openalex.org/W2031765045","https://openalex.org/W2366916581","https://openalex.org/W1557063342","https://openalex.org/W634994913"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"the":[3,19,28,35,57,68,84,117,128,141,146,153,163,168],"use":[4],"of":[5,31,40,63,70,119,130,145,175],"Wire-and-Arc":[6],"Additive":[7],"Manufacturing":[8],"(WAAM)":[9],"for":[10,24,155,170],"strengthening":[11,174],"standardized":[12],"steel":[13,42,177],"elements":[14],"received":[15],"significant":[16],"interest":[17],"within":[18],"research":[20,161],"community.":[21],"The":[22,74,159],"reason":[23],"this":[25],"lies":[26],"in":[27,116],"theoretical":[29],"potential":[30],"WAAM":[32,157,173],"to":[33,83,127,137,166],"improve":[34],"economic":[36],"and":[37,97,101,113],"environmental":[38],"aspects":[39],"contemporary":[41],"construction":[43],"through":[44,53,99],"efficient":[45],"material":[46],"consumption.":[47],"As":[48],"efficiency":[49],"is":[50,76,107,135,150],"often":[51],"obtained":[52],"detailed":[54],"design":[55,61,112],"study,":[56],"paper":[58],"presents":[59],"a":[60,132],"exploration":[62],"suitable":[64],"stiffener":[65],"geometries":[66,86],"under":[67],"assumption":[69,75],"infinite":[71],"geometrical":[72,143],"freedom.":[73],"eventually":[77],"invalidated":[78],"as":[79],"process":[80,93],"constraints":[81,94],"specific":[82,142],"generated":[85],"emerge":[87],"from":[88],"test":[89],"trials.":[90],"Once":[91],"identified,":[92],"are":[95],"documented":[96],"overcome":[98],"adequate":[100],"precise":[102],"path":[103],"planning.":[104],"Feasibility":[105],"analysis":[106,134],"an":[108],"important":[109],"step":[110],"between":[111],"fabrication,":[114],"especially":[115],"case":[118,129,154],"large-scale":[120],"or":[121],"geometrically":[122],"complex":[123],"components.":[124],"With":[125],"reference":[126],"stiffeners,":[131],"feasibility":[133],"necessary":[136],"take":[138],"into":[139],"account":[140],"limits":[144],"build":[147],"volume,":[148],"which":[149],"not":[151],"typically":[152],"conventional":[156],"fabrication.":[158],"current":[160],"provides":[162],"first":[164],"investigation":[165],"understand":[167],"means":[169],"future":[171],"on-site":[172],"existing":[176],"structural":[178],"elements.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}