{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124448224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14010100","title":"Integrating Complexity and Risk Analysis for Selection of Management Approaches in Complex Projects: Application to UN Peacekeeping Missions","display_name":"Integrating Complexity and Risk Analysis for Selection of Management Approaches in Complex Projects: Application to UN Peacekeeping Missions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124448224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14010100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14010100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14010100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/1/100/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/1/100/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039576429","display_name":"Juan-Manuel \u00c1lvarez-Espada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7530-4226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juan-Manuel \u00c1lvarez-Espada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda del Dise\u00f1o, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de \u00c1frica, 7, 41011 Sevilla, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7530-4226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda del Dise\u00f1o, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de \u00c1frica, 7, 41011 Sevilla, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123248730","display_name":"Teresa Aguilar-Planet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teresa Aguilar-Planet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda del Dise\u00f1o, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de \u00c1frica, 7, 41011 Sevilla, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6262-2665","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda del Dise\u00f1o, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de \u00c1frica, 7, 41011 Sevilla, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123241260","display_name":"Estela Peralta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Estela Peralta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda del Dise\u00f1o, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de \u00c1frica, 7, 41011 Sevilla, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0252-9349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda del Dise\u00f1o, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de \u00c1frica, 7, 41011 Sevilla, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039576429"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08886256,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"100","last_page":"100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10395","display_name":"Construction Project Management and Performance","score":0.652899980545044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10395","display_name":"Construction Project Management and Performance","score":0.652899980545044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12888","display_name":"Military Strategy and Technology","score":0.022199999541044235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12000","display_name":"Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications","score":0.016599999740719795,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.6351000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complexity-management","display_name":"Complexity management","score":0.580299973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-management","display_name":"Risk management","score":0.5044000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder","display_name":"Stakeholder","score":0.4869000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamism","display_name":"Dynamism","score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-management","display_name":"Project management","score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.33640000224113464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.6351000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.6148999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57936825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780925","display_name":"Complexity management","level":2,"score":0.580299973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.5044000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201305675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852998","display_name":"Stakeholder","level":2,"score":0.4869000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775836275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3502310","display_name":"Dynamism","level":2,"score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15952604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179012","display_name":"Project management","level":2,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202033279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931373","display_name":"Scenario planning","level":2,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74510933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936145","display_name":"Project portfolio management","level":3,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59751","display_name":"Stakeholder management","level":3,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95986675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185168","display_name":"Quantitative analysis (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11105738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1895805","display_name":"Multiple-criteria decision analysis","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201064575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2633226","display_name":"Extreme project management","level":5,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14010100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14010100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/1/100/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b8b225588c074b959bdd7ca355c9f450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b8b225588c074b959bdd7ca355c9f450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systems, Vol 14, Iss 1, p 100 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/systems14010100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14010100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/1/100/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219410","display_name":"Systems","issn_l":"2079-8954","issn":["2079-8954"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7124448224.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7124448224.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W572865846","https://openalex.org/W976272753","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W1974471712","https://openalex.org/W1998186379","https://openalex.org/W1999125800","https://openalex.org/W2003331116","https://openalex.org/W2029734795","https://openalex.org/W2035871154","https://openalex.org/W2038195874","https://openalex.org/W2077105056","https://openalex.org/W2077913849","https://openalex.org/W2082095210","https://openalex.org/W2090783408","https://openalex.org/W2095238174","https://openalex.org/W2100064951","https://openalex.org/W2103690899","https://openalex.org/W2112090702","https://openalex.org/W2115223150","https://openalex.org/W2118886480","https://openalex.org/W2128142025","https://openalex.org/W2128217981","https://openalex.org/W2131399871","https://openalex.org/W2133779304","https://openalex.org/W2143959537","https://openalex.org/W2164216276","https://openalex.org/W2168671565","https://openalex.org/W2178350938","https://openalex.org/W2310890400","https://openalex.org/W2505223522","https://openalex.org/W2506231120","https://openalex.org/W2555530267","https://openalex.org/W2575539156","https://openalex.org/W2583309770","https://openalex.org/W2624104977","https://openalex.org/W2727282878","https://openalex.org/W2758876568","https://openalex.org/W2761177211","https://openalex.org/W2801364855","https://openalex.org/W2801850522","https://openalex.org/W2808626396","https://openalex.org/W2810542735","https://openalex.org/W2887034247","https://openalex.org/W2894184593","https://openalex.org/W2895881347","https://openalex.org/W2902259664","https://openalex.org/W2952502261","https://openalex.org/W3020825243","https://openalex.org/W3042133935","https://openalex.org/W3100091977","https://openalex.org/W3112329866","https://openalex.org/W3140769808","https://openalex.org/W3209399047","https://openalex.org/W4238850922","https://openalex.org/W4240531309","https://openalex.org/W4313816829","https://openalex.org/W4388252848"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,102,129,153],"growing":[1],"complexity":[2,62,82,175],"and":[3,7,19,63,74,83,96,125,150,171,176,181,192,212,218,249],"dynamism":[4],"of":[5,50,61,72,94,99,110,123,145,174,187,210],"industrial":[6],"organizational":[8],"projects":[9,211,244],"require":[10],"management":[11,37,140,164],"approaches":[12,147],"that":[13,132,242],"can":[14],"effectively":[15],"adapt":[16],"to":[17,32,183,215,245],"uncertainty":[18],"rapidly":[20],"changing":[21],"operational":[22],"environments.":[23,152],"In":[24,234],"this":[25,27,235],"context,":[26],"study":[28],"proposes":[29],"a":[30,91,158,169,184,202,230],"methodology":[31,57,103,134,155,206],"identify":[33],"the":[34,46,51,56,70,84,97,111,120,133,137,143,205,208,240],"most":[35,138],"suitable":[36],"approach\u2014predictive,":[38],"agile,":[39],"or":[40,257],"hybrid\u2014in":[41],"complex":[42,149,188],"projects.":[43],"Building":[44],"on":[45],"\u201cApproach":[47],"suitability":[48],"tool\u201d":[49],"Project":[52],"Management":[53],"Institute\u2019s":[54],"(PMI),":[55],"integrates":[58],"quantitative":[59,170],"assessments":[60],"systemic":[64],"risk.":[65,177],"This":[66],"is":[67,179],"achieved":[68],"through":[69],"analysis":[71],"stakeholder":[73],"risk":[75],"networks,":[76],"using":[77],"metrics":[78],"such":[79],"as":[80,157,201,239],"cyclomatic":[81],"coevolution":[85],"parameter":[86],"g,":[87],"which":[88],"allow":[89],"for":[90,161],"deeper":[92],"understanding":[93],"interactions":[95],"evolution":[98],"project":[100,163],"elements.":[101],"was":[104],"validated":[105],"in":[106,115,119,127,148,165,194,222],"three":[107],"peacekeeping":[108],"missions":[109],"United":[112],"Nations:":[113],"UNMISS":[114],"South":[116],"Sudan,":[117],"MONUSCO":[118],"Democratic":[121],"Republic":[122],"Congo,":[124],"MINUSTAH":[126],"Haiti.":[128],"results":[130],"confirm":[131],"accurately":[135],"identifies":[136],"appropriate":[139],"approach,":[141],"emphasizing":[142],"effectiveness":[144],"hybrid":[146],"volatile":[151,224],"proposed":[154],"serves":[156],"valuable":[159],"tool":[160],"optimizing":[162],"diverse":[166],"contexts,":[167],"enabling":[168],"systematic":[172],"evaluation":[173],"It":[178],"adaptable":[180],"applicable":[182],"wide":[185],"range":[186],"projects,":[189],"improving":[190],"decision-making":[191],"planning":[193],"uncertain":[195],"settings.":[196],"Furthermore,":[197],"by":[198],"incorporating":[199],"resilience":[200,237],"cross-cutting":[203],"principle,":[204],"strengthens":[207],"ability":[209],"their":[213,251],"teams":[214],"maintain":[216],"functionality":[217],"sustain":[219],"learning":[220],"even":[221],"highly":[223],"environments,":[225],"where":[226],"continuous":[227],"adaptation":[228],"becomes":[229],"critical":[231],"success":[232],"factor.":[233],"sense,":[236],"emerges":[238],"property":[241],"allows":[243],"absorb":[246],"disruptions,":[247],"reorganize,":[248],"preserve":[250],"core":[252],"purpose":[253],"without":[254],"losing":[255],"cohesion":[256],"direction.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T14:07:55.174380","created_date":"2026-01-17T00:00:00"}