{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360848084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073435","title":"Beamforming Techniques for Passive Radar: An Overview","display_name":"Beamforming Techniques for Passive Radar: An Overview","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360848084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073435","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37050492"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073435","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3435/pdf?version=1679662189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3435/pdf?version=1679662189","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083891489","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda N\u00fa\u00f1ez Ortu\u00f1o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9170-3948"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 M. N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Ortu\u00f1o","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defense University Center at the Spanish Naval Academy, 36920 Mar\u00edn, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9170-3948","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defense University Center at the Spanish Naval Academy, 36920 Mar\u00edn, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077896605","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 P. Gonz\u00e1lez-Coma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7554-1758"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 P. Gonz\u00e1lez-Coma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defense University Center at the Spanish Naval Academy, 36920 Mar\u00edn, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7554-1758","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defense University Center at the Spanish Naval Academy, 36920 Mar\u00edn, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020013835","display_name":"Rub\u00e9n Nocelo L\u00f3pez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2018-230X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rub\u00e9n Nocelo L\u00f3pez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defense University Center at the Spanish Naval Academy, 36920 Mar\u00edn, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2018-230X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defense University Center at the Spanish Naval Academy, 36920 Mar\u00edn, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033261072","display_name":"Francisco Troncoso\u2010Pastoriza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8336-6777"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Troncoso-Pastoriza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defense University Center at the Spanish Naval Academy, 36920 Mar\u00edn, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8336-6777","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defense University Center at the Spanish Naval Academy, 36920 Mar\u00edn, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101983178","display_name":"M. \u00c1lvarez Hern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7524-3339"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1lvarez-Hern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defense University Center at the Spanish Naval Academy, 36920 Mar\u00edn, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7524-3339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defense University Center at the Spanish Naval Academy, 36920 Mar\u00edn, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083891489"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":12.8862,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98067859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"7","first_page":"3435","last_page":"3435"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6386712789535522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4728408455848694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.47183874249458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.360964298248291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3463340103626251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2850987911224365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.20738649368286133}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6386712789535522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4728408455848694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.47183874249458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.360964298248291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3463340103626251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2850987911224365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.20738649368286133}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073435","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3435/pdf?version=1679662189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37050492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37050492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10098532","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10098532","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10098532/pdf/sensors-23-03435.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.investigo.biblioteca.uvigo.es:11093/8459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11093/8459","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3435/pdf?version=1679901311","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196408","display_name":"Investigo Institutional repository of UVigo (Universidade de Vigo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","host_organization_name":"Universidade de Vigo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f3543d0b3b694a729cea8f21178de827","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f3543d0b3b694a729cea8f21178de827","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 7, p 3435 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/7/3435/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 7; Pages: 3435","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.investigo.biblioteca.uvigo.es:11093/4751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11093/4751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196408","display_name":"Investigo Institutional repository of UVigo (Universidade de Vigo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I6289922","host_organization_name":"Universidade de Vigo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6289922"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073435","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3435/pdf?version=1679662189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337624","display_name":"U.S. Naval Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/00znex860"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4360848084.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527704500","https://openalex.org/W1971846076","https://openalex.org/W1979018848","https://openalex.org/W1989956202","https://openalex.org/W1997348710","https://openalex.org/W2002105608","https://openalex.org/W2009118059","https://openalex.org/W2037243761","https://openalex.org/W2039882402","https://openalex.org/W2042241038","https://openalex.org/W2050806768","https://openalex.org/W2060108923","https://openalex.org/W2067558471","https://openalex.org/W2072599023","https://openalex.org/W2098126478","https://openalex.org/W2100579186","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2117787637","https://openalex.org/W2122038767","https://openalex.org/W2126161291","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2135527069","https://openalex.org/W2135631451","https://openalex.org/W2139577584","https://openalex.org/W2143927285","https://openalex.org/W2144244295","https://openalex.org/W2152672782","https://openalex.org/W2161473225","https://openalex.org/W2238937638","https://openalex.org/W2590141315","https://openalex.org/W2736724705","https://openalex.org/W2747731438","https://openalex.org/W2888926780","https://openalex.org/W2966035132","https://openalex.org/W2972473258","https://openalex.org/W2974263275","https://openalex.org/W2982028137","https://openalex.org/W3034249069","https://openalex.org/W3035121220","https://openalex.org/W3042606211","https://openalex.org/W3090927150","https://openalex.org/W3099192044","https://openalex.org/W3131229073","https://openalex.org/W3134600783","https://openalex.org/W3135984056","https://openalex.org/W3157289945","https://openalex.org/W3164896102","https://openalex.org/W3168470427","https://openalex.org/W3182137326","https://openalex.org/W3192219671","https://openalex.org/W3197863571","https://openalex.org/W3198296966","https://openalex.org/W3201480874","https://openalex.org/W3204838488","https://openalex.org/W4205381552","https://openalex.org/W4205396466","https://openalex.org/W4205807582","https://openalex.org/W4213459137","https://openalex.org/W4221161002","https://openalex.org/W4225583315","https://openalex.org/W4282843093","https://openalex.org/W4293254078","https://openalex.org/W4296280400","https://openalex.org/W4307266372","https://openalex.org/W4308085494","https://openalex.org/W4308390361","https://openalex.org/W4310295741","https://openalex.org/W4311185863","https://openalex.org/W4312330321","https://openalex.org/W4316664366","https://openalex.org/W4320731448","https://openalex.org/W6652706135","https://openalex.org/W6676842812"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W1971477554","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2158075901","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W4391913857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Passive":[0],"radar":[1],"is":[2,29],"an":[3,110],"interesting":[4],"approach":[5],"in":[6,92,139],"the":[7,14,20,26,32,45,54,59,63,80,88,93,101,105,113,119,123,131,140],"context":[8],"of":[9,19,23,47,53,62,100,104,112,121,125],"non-cooperative":[10],"target":[11],"detection.":[12],"Because":[13],"signal":[15],"source":[16],"takes":[17],"advantage":[18,52],"so-called":[21],"illuminator":[22],"opportunity":[24],"(IoO),":[25],"deployed":[27],"system":[28],"silent,":[30],"allowing":[31],"operator":[33],"cheap,":[34],"portable,":[35],"and":[36,115,117],"practically":[37],"undetectable":[38],"deployments.":[39],"These":[40],"systems":[41],"match":[42],"perfectly":[43],"with":[44],"use":[46],"antenna":[48,126],"arrays":[49],"to":[50,78,95,134],"take":[51],"additional":[55],"gains":[56],"provided":[57],"by":[58,137],"coherent":[60],"combination":[61],"signals":[64],"received":[65],"at":[66],"each":[67],"element.":[68],"To":[69],"obtain":[70],"these":[71],"benefits,":[72],"linear":[73],"processing":[74],"methods":[75,91],"are":[76],"required":[77],"enhance":[79],"system's":[81],"performance.":[82],"In":[83],"this":[84],"work,":[85],"we":[86,108,129],"summarize":[87],"main":[89],"beamforming":[90],"literature":[94],"provide":[96],"a":[97],"clear":[98],"picture":[99],"current":[102],"state":[103],"art.":[106],"Next,":[107],"perform":[109],"analysis":[111],"benefits":[114],"drawbacks":[116],"explore":[118],"chance":[120],"increasing":[122],"number":[124],"elements.":[127],"Finally,":[128],"identify":[130],"major":[132],"challenges":[133],"be":[135],"addressed":[136],"researchers":[138],"future.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}