{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2310305166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040273","title":"Spectral Reflectance of Polar Bear and Other Large Arctic Mammal Pelts; Potential Applications to Remote Sensing Surveys","display_name":"Spectral Reflectance of Polar Bear and Other Large Arctic Mammal Pelts; Potential Applications to Remote Sensing Surveys","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2310305166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040273","mag":"2310305166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8040273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040273","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/4/273/pdf?version=1458890743","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/4/273/pdf?version=1458890743","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069415729","display_name":"George Leblanc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8375-610X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"George Leblanc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Flight Research Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada, 1920 Research Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flight Research Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada, 1920 Research Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047433740","display_name":"Charles M. Francis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8648-3239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342547582","display_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/026ny0e17","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Francis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada 1125 Colonel By, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada 1125 Colonel By, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050840366","display_name":"Raymond Soffer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6279-5871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond Soffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Flight Research Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada, 1920 Research Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flight Research Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada, 1920 Research Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002668338","display_name":"Margaret Kal\u00e1cska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1676-481X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret Kalacska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016161317","display_name":"Julie De Gea","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie De Gea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069415729"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.3983,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9114117,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"273","last_page":"273"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9642000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.8138951063156128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectivity","display_name":"Reflectivity","score":0.6866916418075562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic","display_name":"Arctic","score":0.6692495346069336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polar","display_name":"Polar","score":0.5877152681350708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5786120891571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4392286539077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.24729427695274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.23172983527183533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1955638825893402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1535148322582245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.14962610602378845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.12278768420219421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.8138951063156128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.6866916418075562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518008717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"Arctic","level":2,"score":0.6692495346069336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29705727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294562","display_name":"Polar","level":2,"score":0.5877152681350708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5786120891571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4392286539077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.24729427695274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.23172983527183533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1955638825893402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1535148322582245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.14962610602378845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.12278768420219421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8040273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040273","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/4/273/pdf?version=1458890743","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.ca:cistinparc:23000423","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=a0e64e9a-db04-41d1-93c9-24d45761a08f","pdf_url":"https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/ft/?id=a0e64e9a-db04-41d1-93c9-24d45761a08f","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055245","display_name":"NPARC","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.mcgill.ca:fj2366836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/articles/fj2366836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401568","display_name":"eScholarship@McGill (McGill)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","host_organization_name":"McGill University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/8/4/273/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs8040273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs8040273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8040273","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/8/4/273/pdf?version=1458890743","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2310305166.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2310305166.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977518596","https://openalex.org/W1983337658","https://openalex.org/W2004583645","https://openalex.org/W2017612839","https://openalex.org/W2024032905","https://openalex.org/W2045887116","https://openalex.org/W2053521803","https://openalex.org/W2060376481","https://openalex.org/W2072104634","https://openalex.org/W2085880802","https://openalex.org/W2086623078","https://openalex.org/W2087601553","https://openalex.org/W2089612103","https://openalex.org/W2097512422","https://openalex.org/W2107733948","https://openalex.org/W2114451880","https://openalex.org/W2115601530","https://openalex.org/W2123690726","https://openalex.org/W2133873100","https://openalex.org/W2143090394","https://openalex.org/W2150615394","https://openalex.org/W2153976658","https://openalex.org/W2156439416","https://openalex.org/W2287521009","https://openalex.org/W2314248863","https://openalex.org/W2799615270","https://openalex.org/W4251183723","https://openalex.org/W6682264809","https://openalex.org/W7033454581"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2314704010","https://openalex.org/W1584003442","https://openalex.org/W2317224478","https://openalex.org/W2084452007","https://openalex.org/W2996275564","https://openalex.org/W2060524912","https://openalex.org/W2242764613","https://openalex.org/W597570173","https://openalex.org/W2331727539","https://openalex.org/W4250354563"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spectral":[0],"reflectance":[1,75,126],"within":[2,149],"the":[3,37,42,47,82],"350\u20132500":[4],"nm":[5,59,130],"range":[6,84,165],"was":[7,33,78,137],"measured":[8],"for":[9,156],"17":[10],"pelts":[11,32,106,119],"of":[12,30,41,76,194],"arctic":[13],"mammals":[14,172,195],"(polar":[15],"bear,":[16],"caribou,":[17],"muskox,":[18],"and":[19,22,49,57,60,94,99,122,145,170,196],"ringed,":[20],"harp":[21],"bearded":[23],"seals)":[24],"in":[25,81,142,181],"relation":[26],"to":[27,88,102,140,166,187,190,197],"snow.":[28,175],"Reflectance":[29],"all":[31],"very":[34,79],"low":[35],"at":[36,53,69,91,113],"ultraviolet":[38],"(UV)":[39],"end":[40],"spectrum":[43],"(<10%),":[44],"increased":[45],"through":[46],"visual":[48],"near":[50,89],"infrared,":[51],"peaking":[52],"40%\u201360%":[54],"between":[55,97],"1100":[56],"1400":[58],"then":[61,95],"gradually":[62,86],"dropped,":[63],"though":[64],"remaining":[65],"above":[66],"20%":[67,100],"until":[68],"least":[70],"1800":[71],"nm.":[72,104],"In":[73],"contrast,":[74],"snow":[77,112],"high":[80],"UV":[83],"(>90%),":[85],"dropped":[87],"zero":[90,98],"1500":[92],"nm,":[93],"fluctuated":[96],"up":[101],"2500":[103],"All":[105],"could":[107],"be":[108],"distinguished":[109],"from":[110,127,173,178],"clean":[111,174],"many":[114],"wavelengths.":[115],"The":[116],"polar":[117,168],"bear":[118],"had":[120],"higher":[121],"more":[123],"uniform":[124],"averaged":[125],"about":[128],"600\u20131100":[129],"than":[131],"most":[132],"other":[133,171,200],"pelts,":[134],"but":[135],"discrimination":[136],"challenging":[138],"due":[139],"variation":[141],"pelt":[143],"color":[144],"intensity":[146],"among":[147,192],"individuals":[148],"each":[150],"species.":[151],"Results":[152],"suggest":[153],"promising":[154],"approaches":[155],"using":[157],"remote":[158],"sensing":[159],"tools":[160],"with":[161],"a":[162],"broad":[163],"spectral":[164],"discriminate":[167,191],"bears":[169],"Further":[176],"data":[177],"live":[179],"animals":[180],"their":[182],"natural":[183],"environment":[184],"are":[185],"needed":[186],"develop":[188],"functions":[189],"species":[193],"determine":[198],"whether":[199],"environmental":[201],"elements":[202],"may":[203],"have":[204],"similar":[205],"reflectance.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}