{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404501423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224308","title":"Hybrid GRU\u2013Random Forest Model for Accurate Atmospheric Duct Detection with Incomplete Sounding Data","display_name":"Hybrid GRU\u2013Random Forest Model for Accurate Atmospheric Duct Detection with Incomplete Sounding Data","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404501423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224308"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16224308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224308","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/22/4308/pdf?version=1732005281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/22/4308/pdf?version=1732005281","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yi Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9260-5765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032267215","display_name":"Linjing Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linjing Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032267215","display_name":"Linjing Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linjing Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011764035","display_name":"Jiangting Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3801-1058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangting Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113327570","display_name":"Zhouxiang Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhouxiang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","China Institute of Radio Wave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Institute of Radio Wave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104729936","display_name":"Shuji Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuji Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Institute of Radio Wave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Institute of Radio Wave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100540419","display_name":"Xu Tong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Institute of Radio Wave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Institute of Radio Wave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101979758","display_name":"Haisheng Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haisheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Institute of Radio Wave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China","School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Institute of Radio Wave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009314993","display_name":"Lixin Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3854-206X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixin Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009314993","display_name":"Lixin Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3854-206X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lixin Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009314993","https://openalex.org/A5032267215"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.7497,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92675218,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"22","first_page":"4308","last_page":"4308"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9557999968528748,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-sounding","display_name":"Depth sounding","score":0.5972408652305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5356772541999817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4990823268890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4733550548553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3361486494541168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2249387502670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12869814038276672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55510283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1382947","display_name":"Depth sounding","level":2,"score":0.5972408652305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5356772541999817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4990823268890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4733550548553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3361486494541168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2249387502670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12869814038276672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16224308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224308","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/22/4308/pdf?version=1732005281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bfdc677fe53c49c0b103cd07b83b9e13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bfdc677fe53c49c0b103cd07b83b9e13","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 22, p 4308 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16224308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224308","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/22/4308/pdf?version=1732005281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404501423.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603831738","https://openalex.org/W1908917589","https://openalex.org/W1999038811","https://openalex.org/W2006487144","https://openalex.org/W2008605811","https://openalex.org/W2033412785","https://openalex.org/W2045779709","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2065144276","https://openalex.org/W2083091991","https://openalex.org/W2092624117","https://openalex.org/W2121541226","https://openalex.org/W2131022299","https://openalex.org/W2155632266","https://openalex.org/W2158143121","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2334791991","https://openalex.org/W2483733320","https://openalex.org/W2500385585","https://openalex.org/W2768552973","https://openalex.org/W2885195348","https://openalex.org/W2944009365","https://openalex.org/W4206262317","https://openalex.org/W4280573257","https://openalex.org/W4285149092","https://openalex.org/W4293415285","https://openalex.org/W4313418171","https://openalex.org/W4318055066","https://openalex.org/W4353091397","https://openalex.org/W4376117262","https://openalex.org/W4386331742","https://openalex.org/W4392471899","https://openalex.org/W4393233998","https://openalex.org/W6722672592"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2809612451","https://openalex.org/W1974079146","https://openalex.org/W2373976954","https://openalex.org/W2616411725","https://openalex.org/W2474955975","https://openalex.org/W2383251271","https://openalex.org/W2386558711","https://openalex.org/W2349574727","https://openalex.org/W2349399252","https://openalex.org/W1505720430"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Atmospheric":[0],"data":[1,58,136],"forecasting":[2],"traditionally":[3],"relies":[4],"on":[5],"physical":[6],"models,":[7],"which":[8,83],"simulate":[9],"atmospheric":[10,16,88,127,148],"motion":[11],"and":[12,19,31,46,77],"change":[13],"by":[14],"solving":[15],"dynamics,":[17],"thermodynamics,":[18],"radiative":[20],"transfer":[21],"processes.":[22],"However,":[23],"numerical":[24],"models":[25],"often":[26],"involve":[27],"significant":[28],"computational":[29],"demands":[30],"time":[32],"constraints.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"study,":[36],"we":[37],"analyze":[38],"the":[39,60,65,85,115,124],"performance":[40],"of":[41,56,87,114,126],"Gated":[42],"Recurrent":[43],"Units":[44],"(GRU)":[45],"Long":[47],"Short-Term":[48],"Memory":[49],"networks":[50],"(LSTM)":[51],"using":[52],"over":[53],"two":[54],"decades":[55],"sounding":[57],"from":[59,90],"Xisha":[61],"Island":[62],"Observatory":[63],"in":[64,81,129,147],"South":[66],"China":[67],"Sea.":[68],"We":[69],"propose":[70],"a":[71],"hybrid":[72],"model":[73,117,121],"that":[74,96],"combines":[75],"GRU":[76,97],"Random":[78],"Forest":[79],"(RF)":[80],"series,":[82],"predicts":[84,123],"presence":[86,125],"ducts":[89,128],"limited":[91],"data.":[92],"The":[93,111],"results":[94],"demonstrate":[95],"achieves":[98],"prediction":[99,112],"accuracy":[100,113,137],"comparable":[101],"to":[102,106],"LSTM":[103],"with":[104,134],"10%":[105],"20%":[107],"shorter":[108],"running":[109],"times.":[110],"GRU-RF":[116],"reaches":[118],"0.92.":[119],"This":[120],"effectively":[122],"certain":[130],"height":[131],"regions,":[132],"even":[133],"low":[135],"or":[138],"missing":[139],"data,":[140],"highlighting":[141],"its":[142],"potential":[143],"for":[144],"improving":[145],"efficiency":[146],"forecasting.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
