{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402731337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183511","title":"Salp Swarm Algorithm-Based Kalman Filter for Seamless Multi-Source Fusion Positioning with Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System/Smartphones","display_name":"Salp Swarm Algorithm-Based Kalman Filter for Seamless Multi-Source Fusion Positioning with Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System/Smartphones","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402731337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183511"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16183511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183511","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100346161","display_name":"Jin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4559-5242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering & School of Artificial Intelligence, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering & School of Artificial Intelligence, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041911918","display_name":"Xiyi Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1335-369X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiyi Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering & School of Artificial Intelligence, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering & School of Artificial Intelligence, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057168340","display_name":"Xiaochun Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5334-9500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093645","display_name":"National Time Service Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00655qp86","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210093645"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochun Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093645","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101923560","display_name":"Jin Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0606-4238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering & School of Artificial Intelligence, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering & School of Artificial Intelligence, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069936151","display_name":"Jian Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-2351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering & School of Artificial Intelligence, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering & School of Artificial Intelligence, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030092282","display_name":"Jianbo Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0845-4942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianbo Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering & School of Artificial Intelligence, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering & School of Artificial Intelligence, Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100346161"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.6161,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68371507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"18","first_page":"3511","last_page":"3511"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7407245635986328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.6618069410324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6581471562385559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.603535532951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.49064627289772034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-navigation-system","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","score":0.4744906425476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.4705999791622162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.4457121193408966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.4400791525840759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dead-reckoning","display_name":"Dead reckoning","score":0.4123704731464386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-positioning-system","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","score":0.41082578897476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.395713746547699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.365675687789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.35316741466522217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-frame-of-reference","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","score":0.21069523692131042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12853151559829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1205381453037262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7407245635986328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.6618069410324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6581471562385559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.603535532951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.49064627289772034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128651787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570607","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","level":3,"score":0.4744906425476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.4705999791622162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.4457121193408966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.4400791525840759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106165642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152255","display_name":"Dead reckoning","level":3,"score":0.4123704731464386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187394410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","level":4,"score":0.41082578897476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.395713746547699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.365675687789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.35316741466522217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173386949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192735","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","level":2,"score":0.21069523692131042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12853151559829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1205381453037262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16183511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5f2323a425e84b9f94f0d0a0834066c5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5f2323a425e84b9f94f0d0a0834066c5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 18, p 3511 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16183511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3700096878","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023-GHZD-37","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5254380597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62205271","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019592824","https://openalex.org/W2034059570","https://openalex.org/W2105281760","https://openalex.org/W2231569363","https://openalex.org/W2610861717","https://openalex.org/W2738900493","https://openalex.org/W2744655549","https://openalex.org/W2797346475","https://openalex.org/W2890911000","https://openalex.org/W2895853020","https://openalex.org/W2951493172","https://openalex.org/W3005310782","https://openalex.org/W3012023943","https://openalex.org/W3092224970","https://openalex.org/W3104261890","https://openalex.org/W3116792877","https://openalex.org/W3156111275","https://openalex.org/W3197181155","https://openalex.org/W4210506113","https://openalex.org/W4224986694","https://openalex.org/W4283815720","https://openalex.org/W4293052541","https://openalex.org/W4294169498","https://openalex.org/W4308971242","https://openalex.org/W4311397040","https://openalex.org/W4360855698","https://openalex.org/W4376119821","https://openalex.org/W4382236999","https://openalex.org/W4385576604","https://openalex.org/W4386780392","https://openalex.org/W4387546353","https://openalex.org/W4387653621","https://openalex.org/W4389670353","https://openalex.org/W4390479236","https://openalex.org/W4392285231","https://openalex.org/W4392510184","https://openalex.org/W4400233986"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3005892436","https://openalex.org/W2358256220","https://openalex.org/W2008882664","https://openalex.org/W2131486049","https://openalex.org/W2338366266","https://openalex.org/W189713034","https://openalex.org/W2089074378","https://openalex.org/W2372914481","https://openalex.org/W3144787046","https://openalex.org/W2050204958"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,28,35,40,54,96,100,111,117,122,155,168,186],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,30,42,64,99,119,171],"high-precision":[5],"positioning":[6,18,63,66],"service":[7,126],"applications,":[8],"there":[9],"is":[10,71,148],"a":[11,49,135,194],"growing":[12],"demand":[13],"for":[14,59],"accurate":[15,46,179],"and":[16,22,39,45,88,104,134,167,180,184],"seamless":[17,60,136,182],"services":[19],"in":[20,34,92],"indoor":[21],"outdoor":[23],"(I/O)":[24],"scenarios.":[25],"To":[26],"address":[27],"problem":[29],"low":[31],"localization":[32,138,176,188],"accuracy":[33,170,189],"I/O":[36,47,106,124,157],"transition":[37],"area":[38],"difficulty":[41],"achieving":[43],"fast":[44],"switching,":[48],"Kalman":[50,143],"filter":[51],"based":[52,109,140],"on":[53,110,141],"salp":[55],"swarm":[56],"algorithm":[57,108],"(SSA)":[58],"multi-source":[61],"fusion":[62],"global":[65],"system/inertial":[67],"navigation":[68,183],"system/smartphones":[69],"(GPS/INS/smartphones)":[70],"proposed.":[72,149],"First,":[73],"an":[74,105,130],"Android":[75],"smartphone":[76],"was":[77,113,127,160],"used":[78,114,128],"to":[79,115,162],"collect":[80],"sensor":[81],"measurement":[82],"data,":[83],"such":[84],"as":[85,129],"light,":[86],"magnetometer,":[87],"satellite":[89],"signal-to-noise":[90],"ratios":[91],"different":[93],"environments;":[94],"then,":[95],"change":[97],"rules":[98],"data":[101],"were":[102],"analyzed,":[103],"detection":[107,125],"SSA":[112],"identify":[116],"locations":[118],"users.":[120],"Second,":[121],"proposed":[123],"automatic":[131],"switching":[132,158],"mechanism,":[133],"indoor\u2013outdoor":[137],"scheme":[139],"improved":[142,185],"filtering":[144],"with":[145,193],"K-L":[146],"divergence":[147],"The":[150,175],"experimental":[151],"results":[152],"showed":[153],"that":[154],"SSA-based":[156],"model":[159],"able":[161],"accurately":[163],"recognize":[164],"environmental":[165],"differences,":[166],"average":[169,187],"judgment":[172],"reached":[173],"97.04%.":[174],"method":[177],"achieved":[178],"continuous":[181],"by":[190],"53.79%":[191],"compared":[192],"traditional":[195],"GPS/INS":[196],"system.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}