{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402050613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173218","title":"A Lightweight Pyramid Transformer for High-Resolution SAR Image-Based Building Classification in Port Regions","display_name":"A Lightweight Pyramid Transformer for High-Resolution SAR Image-Based Building Classification in Port Regions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402050613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16173218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173218","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/17/3218/pdf?version=1725024109","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/17/3218/pdf?version=1725024109","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088011637","display_name":"Bo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7056-1124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103089964","display_name":"Qian Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0612-0287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113597664","display_name":"Fan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9280-8378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Aerospace Information Research Institute, Sanya 572000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Aerospace Information Research Institute, Sanya 572000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049656905","display_name":"Jiajia Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0374-6194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajia Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115076700","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4887-923X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113597664"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.2399,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82334615,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"17","first_page":"3218","last_page":"3218"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7655317783355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5552604794502258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.548779308795929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5087035298347473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.49214762449264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.4635912775993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.4222594201564789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3976777493953705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3370330333709717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.15001434087753296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08664378523826599}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7655317783355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5552604794502258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.548779308795929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5087035298347473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.49214762449264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4635912775993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4222594201564789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3976777493953705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3370330333709717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.15001434087753296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08664378523826599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16173218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173218","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/17/3218/pdf?version=1725024109","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:65e81afd99644ee9a8d40857c966172e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/65e81afd99644ee9a8d40857c966172e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 17, p 3218 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/16/17/3218/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16173218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16173218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173218","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/17/3218/pdf?version=1725024109","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2045275553","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42201503","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3631435179","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41930110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8849890159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201503","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402050613.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2884822772","https://openalex.org/W2910628332","https://openalex.org/W2916798096","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W3016947168","https://openalex.org/W3049670509","https://openalex.org/W3131500599","https://openalex.org/W3132455321","https://openalex.org/W3135065966","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3157528469","https://openalex.org/W3169100537","https://openalex.org/W3173005423","https://openalex.org/W3211490618","https://openalex.org/W4206693420","https://openalex.org/W4206706211","https://openalex.org/W4214893857","https://openalex.org/W4224316248","https://openalex.org/W4226252548","https://openalex.org/W4286631628","https://openalex.org/W4293206963","https://openalex.org/W4312820606","https://openalex.org/W4313229413","https://openalex.org/W4379877582","https://openalex.org/W4385251935","https://openalex.org/W6772750526","https://openalex.org/W6794345597","https://openalex.org/W6797399245","https://openalex.org/W6811039779","https://openalex.org/W6853925644"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249847449","https://openalex.org/W44395729","https://openalex.org/W2082756648","https://openalex.org/W3194278305","https://openalex.org/W2289648981","https://openalex.org/W2765338038","https://openalex.org/W1496225612","https://openalex.org/W1523500768","https://openalex.org/W1565459987","https://openalex.org/W2517629151"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"classification":[1,50,136],"of":[2,25,38,99,141,181,192],"buildings":[3],"within":[4],"port":[5,17,134,185],"areas":[6],"from":[7],"synthetic":[8],"aperture":[9],"radar":[10],"(SAR)":[11],"images":[12,183],"is":[13],"crucial":[14],"for":[15,68],"effective":[16],"monitoring":[18],"and":[19,34,46,62,87,91,120,156,162,171],"planning.":[20],"Yet,":[21],"the":[22,35,97,129,139,178,189,193],"unique":[23],"challenges":[24],"SAR":[26,182],"imaging,":[27],"such":[28],"as":[29],"side-looking":[30],"geometry,":[31],"multi-bouncing":[32],"scattering,":[33],"compact":[36,168],"arrangement":[37],"structures,":[39],"often":[40],"lead":[41],"to":[42,83,92,113,147],"incomplete":[43],"building":[44,100,135],"structures":[45],"blurred":[47],"boundaries":[48],"in":[49],"results.":[51],"To":[52],"address":[53],"these":[54],"issues,":[55],"this":[56],"paper":[57],"introduces":[58],"SPformer,":[59,142],"an":[60],"efficient":[61],"lightweight":[63,107],"pyramid":[64,75],"transformer":[65,76],"model":[66,169],"tailored":[67],"semantic":[69],"segmentation.":[70],"The":[71],"SPformer":[72],"utilizes":[73],"a":[74,106,167],"encoder":[77],"with":[78,150],"spatially":[79],"separable":[80],"self-attention":[81],"(SSSA)":[82],"refine":[84],"both":[85],"local":[86],"global":[88],"spatial":[89],"information":[90,116],"process":[93],"multi-scale":[94,115],"features,":[95],"enhancing":[96],"accuracy":[98],"structure":[101],"delineation.":[102],"It":[103],"also":[104,187],"integrates":[105],"all":[108],"multi-layer":[109],"perceptron":[110],"(ALL-MLP)":[111],"decoder":[112],"consolidate":[114],"across":[117],"various":[118],"depths":[119],"attention":[121],"scopes,":[122],"refining":[123],"detail":[124],"processing.":[125],"Experimental":[126],"results":[127],"on":[128,177],"Gaofen-3":[130],"(GF-3)":[131],"1":[132],"m":[133],"dataset":[137],"demonstrate":[138],"effectiveness":[140],"achieving":[143],"competitive":[144],"performance":[145],"compared":[146],"state-of-the-art":[148],"models,":[149],"mean":[151,157],"intersection":[152],"over":[153],"union":[154],"(mIoU)":[155],"F1-score":[158],"(mF1)":[159],"reaching":[160],"77.14%":[161],"87.04%,":[163],"respectively,":[164],"while":[165],"maintaining":[166],"size":[170],"lower":[172],"computational":[173],"requirements.":[174],"Experiments":[175],"conducted":[176],"entire":[179],"scene":[180],"covering":[184],"area":[186],"show":[188],"good":[190],"capabilities":[191],"proposed":[194],"method.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
