{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401516088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162925","title":"Polarization Characteristics of Massive HVI Debris Clouds Using an Improved Monte Carlo Ray Tracing Method for Remote Sensing Applications","display_name":"Polarization Characteristics of Massive HVI Debris Clouds Using an Improved Monte Carlo Ray Tracing Method for Remote Sensing Applications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401516088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16162925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162925","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/16/2925/pdf?version=1723205305","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/16/2925/pdf?version=1723205305","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042207272","display_name":"G.H. Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6024-6075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135723","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/02txedb84","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangsen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Infrared Perception, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Infrared Perception, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135723","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043946933","display_name":"Peng Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6701-4034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135723","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/02txedb84","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Infrared Perception, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Infrared Perception, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135723","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102995586","display_name":"Yao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7555-5477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135723","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/02txedb84","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Infrared Perception, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Infrared Perception, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135723","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107341916","display_name":"Wen Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135723","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/02txedb84","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210135723"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Infrared Perception, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Infrared Perception, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135723","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043946933"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210135723","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12026364,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"16","first_page":"2925","last_page":"2925"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12019","display_name":"Calibration and Measurement Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.5998656153678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5902737379074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.46284693479537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debris","display_name":"Debris","score":0.45834797620773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3903614580631256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.26553773880004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2110975682735443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.17941230535507202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.12856489419937134}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5998656153678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5902737379074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.46284693479537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776023875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637703","display_name":"Debris","level":2,"score":0.45834797620773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3903614580631256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.26553773880004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2110975682735443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.17941230535507202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.12856489419937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16162925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162925","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/16/2925/pdf?version=1723205305","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d74a06f5bb974c37bd812c192d34ff2c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d74a06f5bb974c37bd812c192d34ff2c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 16, p 2925 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16162925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162925","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/16/2925/pdf?version=1723205305","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5919375550","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62175251","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401516088.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401516088.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1622616609","https://openalex.org/W1904166074","https://openalex.org/W1964614150","https://openalex.org/W1988724726","https://openalex.org/W1994458472","https://openalex.org/W2000834326","https://openalex.org/W2001359416","https://openalex.org/W2023151762","https://openalex.org/W2027551234","https://openalex.org/W2032860404","https://openalex.org/W2074491611","https://openalex.org/W2084447368","https://openalex.org/W2085770659","https://openalex.org/W2091987359","https://openalex.org/W2100875865","https://openalex.org/W2109979560","https://openalex.org/W2134025969","https://openalex.org/W2142356934","https://openalex.org/W2143922612","https://openalex.org/W2228544016","https://openalex.org/W2307768766","https://openalex.org/W2337178184","https://openalex.org/W2510055450","https://openalex.org/W2514965958","https://openalex.org/W2613946207","https://openalex.org/W2708989562","https://openalex.org/W2768919086","https://openalex.org/W2769001568","https://openalex.org/W2787274146","https://openalex.org/W2794964827","https://openalex.org/W2911939456","https://openalex.org/W2964198759","https://openalex.org/W2986098672","https://openalex.org/W2993574477","https://openalex.org/W3046547283","https://openalex.org/W3084225145","https://openalex.org/W3199482810","https://openalex.org/W4220886655","https://openalex.org/W4229440759","https://openalex.org/W4246079422","https://openalex.org/W6725943239","https://openalex.org/W6745917577"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3132053202","https://openalex.org/W3096343057","https://openalex.org/W2322614392","https://openalex.org/W3011362029","https://openalex.org/W3014109425","https://openalex.org/W2361023120","https://openalex.org/W129933923","https://openalex.org/W2037400845","https://openalex.org/W2054109135","https://openalex.org/W425884987"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,98,240],"signature":[2],"phenomenon":[3],"of":[4,24,29,34,53,83,108,125,170,182,214,232,251],"massive":[5,233],"hypervelocity":[6],"impacts":[7],"(HVIs)":[8],"in":[9],"space,":[10],"debris":[11,35,183,205,215,235],"clouds":[12,36,184,216],"provide":[13],"critical":[14],"optical":[15,31,51,111],"information":[16],"for":[17,71,110,227,246],"satellite":[18],"remote":[19],"sensing":[20],"and":[21,39,80,117,165,197,207,243,259],"the":[22,30,50,78,88,106,123,133,151,159,168,179,192,195,211,229,248],"assessment":[23],"large-scale":[25],"impacts.":[26],"However,":[27],"studies":[28],"scattering":[32],"properties":[33,231],"remain":[37],"limited,":[38],"existing":[40],"vector":[41],"radiative":[42],"transfer":[43],"(VRT)":[44],"methods":[45],"struggle":[46],"to":[47,75,103,188],"accurately":[48,164],"simulate":[49,167],"characteristics":[52,82,181,250],"these":[54],"complex":[55,84,171,253],"scatterers.":[56,85,173],"To":[57],"address":[58],"this":[59,61],"gap,":[60],"paper":[62],"presents":[63],"an":[64],"improved":[65],"Monte":[66,89],"Carlo":[67,90],"VRT":[68,126,230],"program":[69,96,162],"(PGS\u2013MC)":[70],"multicomponent":[72],"polydisperse":[73],"scatterers":[74],"precisely":[76],"evaluate":[77],"radiation":[79],"polarization":[81,169,180,212,249],"Based":[86],"on":[87,143],"ray":[91],"tracing":[92],"(MCRT)":[93],"method,":[94],"our":[95,129],"introduces":[97],"particle":[99,118,202],"grouping":[100],"strategy":[101],"(PGS)":[102],"further":[104,175],"emphasize":[105],"importance":[107],"accounting":[109],"property":[112],"discrepancies":[113],"between":[114,194],"different":[115],"materials":[116],"sizes,":[119],"thus":[120],"significantly":[121],"improving":[122],"fidelity":[124],"simulations.":[127],"Moreover,":[128],"program,":[130],"developed":[131,160],"using":[132],"compute":[134],"unified":[135],"device":[136],"architecture":[137],"(CUDA),":[138],"can":[139,163],"be":[140],"run":[141],"parallelly":[142],"graphics":[144],"processing":[145],"units":[146],"(GPUs),":[147],"which":[148],"effectively":[149],"reduces":[150],"computational":[152],"time.":[153],"The":[154],"validation":[155],"results":[156],"indicated":[157],"that":[158,178],"PGS\u2013MC":[161],"efficiently":[166],"3D":[172],"A":[174],"investigation":[176],"showed":[177],"are":[185],"highly":[186],"sensitive":[187],"parameters":[189],"such":[190,255],"as":[191,256],"angle":[193],"incident":[196],"detection":[198],"directions,":[199],"number":[200],"density,":[201],"size":[203],"distribution,":[204],"material,":[206],"wavelength.":[208],"In":[209],"addition,":[210],"imaging":[213],"offers":[217,225],"distinct":[218],"advantages":[219],"over":[220],"intensity":[221],"imaging.":[222],"This":[223],"study":[224],"guidance":[226],"analyzing":[228],"HVI":[234],"clouds.":[236],"Additionally,":[237],"it":[238],"provides":[239],"practical":[241],"tool":[242],"concrete":[244],"ideas":[245],"modeling":[247],"various":[252],"scatterers,":[254],"aircraft":[257],"contrails":[258],"clouds,":[260],"etc.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}