{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399044159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16111912","title":"Adaptive Learnable Spectral\u2013Spatial Fusion Transformer for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"Adaptive Learnable Spectral\u2013Spatial Fusion Transformer for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399044159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16111912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16111912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16111912","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/11/1912/pdf?version=1716716184","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/11/1912/pdf?version=1716716184","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101997073","display_name":"Minhui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5749-3115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minhui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","Key Laboratory of Advanced Ship Communication and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Ship Communication and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061755474","display_name":"Yaxiu Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4734-3417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaxiu Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","Key Laboratory of Advanced Ship Communication and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Ship Communication and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058463992","display_name":"Jianhong Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5764-7775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianhong Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","Key Laboratory of Advanced Ship Communication and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Ship Communication and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033223288","display_name":"Rui Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8364-5665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","Key Laboratory of Advanced Ship Communication and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Ship Communication and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100437618","display_name":"Yu Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0554-9899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139481","display_name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/04323m874","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139481"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agile and Intelligent Computing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agile and Intelligent Computing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139481"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058463992"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.8286,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91288155,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"1912","last_page":"1912"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8079245090484619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7826172113418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.6339492797851562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6256635189056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5975525975227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5270916223526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4858105182647705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8079245090484619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7826172113418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.6339492797851562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6256635189056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5975525975227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5270916223526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4858105182647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16111912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16111912","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/11/1912/pdf?version=1716716184","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5775b76a6de442ab8ba39898c0ff82e8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5775b76a6de442ab8ba39898c0ff82e8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 11, p 1912 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/16/11/1912/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16111912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16111912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16111912","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/11/1912/pdf?version=1716716184","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1682727780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"614210202030217","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1883832551","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3072022CF0801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2376276132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3390319057","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3072022CF0801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3830335640","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"614210202030217","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4731402709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFE0206500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8368208316","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFE0206500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399044159.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010633042","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2035549557","https://openalex.org/W2042255844","https://openalex.org/W2090424610","https://openalex.org/W2097092275","https://openalex.org/W2103094532","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2143277109","https://openalex.org/W2144151128","https://openalex.org/W2162698522","https://openalex.org/W2191483095","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2572303978","https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2804458818","https://openalex.org/W2912371366","https://openalex.org/W2914331134","https://openalex.org/W2921445432","https://openalex.org/W2952956606","https://openalex.org/W2994639710","https://openalex.org/W3023241480","https://openalex.org/W3047443805","https://openalex.org/W3097777922","https://openalex.org/W3103695279","https://openalex.org/W3105298104","https://openalex.org/W3148848505","https://openalex.org/W3184905744","https://openalex.org/W3211423998","https://openalex.org/W3214384426","https://openalex.org/W3214821343","https://openalex.org/W4214634256","https://openalex.org/W4223942761","https://openalex.org/W4285388434","https://openalex.org/W4289522819","https://openalex.org/W4289889690","https://openalex.org/W4293370522","https://openalex.org/W4309710741","https://openalex.org/W4312678416","https://openalex.org/W4312992590","https://openalex.org/W4313043610","https://openalex.org/W4313229413","https://openalex.org/W4313506322","https://openalex.org/W4319069095","https://openalex.org/W4367666440","https://openalex.org/W4379507294","https://openalex.org/W4390659289","https://openalex.org/W4396214921","https://openalex.org/W6803260773","https://openalex.org/W6804103250","https://openalex.org/W6839250610","https://openalex.org/W6840982341","https://openalex.org/W6848681095","https://openalex.org/W6860384303"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W4230131218","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W4313014865","https://openalex.org/W2019190440","https://openalex.org/W2343470940"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,50],"hyperspectral":[1],"image":[2],"classification":[3],"(HSIC),":[4],"every":[5],"pixel":[6],"of":[7,36,61,149,216,255],"the":[8,34,52,59,71,117,128,147,156,162,214,223],"HSI":[9,90],"is":[10,55,237],"assigned":[11],"to":[12,69,88,170],"a":[13,80,95,172,176],"land":[14],"cover":[15],"category.":[16],"While":[17],"convolutional":[18],"neural":[19],"network":[20,47],"(CNN)-based":[21],"methods":[22],"for":[23,123,134],"HSIC":[24],"have":[25],"significantly":[26],"enhanced":[27],"performance,":[28,228],"they":[29],"encounter":[30],"challenges":[31],"in":[32,191,198],"learning":[33],"relevance":[35,60],"deep":[37],"semantic":[38,63],"features":[39,107,144],"and":[40,127,159,166,179,187,213,241,253],"grappling":[41],"with":[42,175],"escalating":[43],"computational":[44],"costs":[45],"as":[46],"depth":[48],"increases.":[49],"contrast,":[51],"transformer":[53,86,164,174],"framework":[54],"adept":[56],"at":[57],"capturing":[58],"high-level":[62],"features,":[64],"presenting":[65],"an":[66],"effective":[67],"solution":[68],"address":[70],"limitations":[72],"encountered":[73],"by":[74,145],"CNN-based":[75],"approaches.":[76],"This":[77,182],"article":[78,200],"introduces":[79],"novel":[81],"adaptive":[82,97],"learnable":[83],"spectral\u2013spatial":[84,98,105,142],"fusion":[85,99,106,143],"(ALSST)":[87],"enhance":[89],"classification.":[91],"The":[92,111,138,195,219,233],"model":[93,139,225],"incorporates":[94],"dual-branch":[96],"gating":[100],"mechanism":[101],"(ASSF),":[102],"which":[103],"captures":[104],"effectively":[108],"from":[109],"images.":[110],"ASSF":[112],"comprises":[113],"two":[114,151],"key":[115],"components:":[116],"point":[118],"depthwise":[119,130],"attention":[120,131],"module":[121,132],"(PDWA)":[122],"spectral":[124],"feature":[125,136],"extraction":[126],"asymmetric":[129],"(ADWA)":[133],"spatial":[135],"extraction.":[137],"efficiently":[140],"obtains":[141],"multiplying":[146],"outputs":[148],"these":[150],"branches.":[152],"Furthermore,":[153],"we":[154],"integrate":[155],"layer":[157,177],"scale":[158,178],"DropKey":[160,180],"into":[161],"traditional":[163],"encoder":[165,193],"multi-head":[167],"self-attention":[168],"(MHSA)":[169],"form":[171],"new":[173],"(LD-Former).":[181],"innovation":[183],"enhances":[184],"data":[185],"dynamics":[186],"mitigates":[188],"performance":[189],"degradation":[190],"deeper":[192],"layers.":[194],"experiments":[196],"detailed":[197],"this":[199],"are":[201],"executed":[202],"on":[203,243],"four":[204,244],"renowned":[205],"datasets:":[206,246],"Trento":[207,247],"(TR),":[208,248],"MUUFL":[209,249],"(MU),":[210,250],"Augsburg":[211,251],"(AU),":[212,252],"University":[215,254],"Pavia":[217,256],"(UP).":[218],"findings":[220],"demonstrate":[221],"that":[222],"ALSST":[224],"secures":[226],"optimal":[227],"surpassing":[229],"some":[230],"existing":[231],"models.":[232],"overall":[234],"accuracy":[235],"(OA)":[236],"99.70%,":[238],"89.72%,":[239],"97.84%,":[240],"99.78%":[242],"famous":[245],"(UP),":[257],"respectively.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2024-05-28T00:00:00"}