{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396928390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101749","title":"Enhanced Detection of Artisanal Small-Scale Mining with Spectral and Textural Segmentation of Landsat Time Series","display_name":"Enhanced Detection of Artisanal Small-Scale Mining with Spectral and Textural Segmentation of Landsat Time Series","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396928390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101749"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16101749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101749","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/10/1749/pdf?version=1715767860","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/10/1749/pdf?version=1715767860","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088248682","display_name":"Alejandro Fonseca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1566-6263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145618","display_name":"Industrieanlagen Betriebsgesellschaft (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05bdw2t94","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145618"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alejandro Fonseca","raw_affiliation_strings":["IABG Industrieanlagen-Betriebsgesellschaft, Hermann-Reicheltelt-Stra\u00dfe 3, 01109 Dresden, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IABG Industrieanlagen-Betriebsgesellschaft, Hermann-Reicheltelt-Stra\u00dfe 3, 01109 Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103061969","display_name":"Michael Marshall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-5036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Thomas Marshall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017825388","display_name":"Mhd. Suhyb Salama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-6853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suhyb Salama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103061969"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.1264,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88578501,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"10","first_page":"1749","last_page":"1749"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9703999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6367610692977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5796692967414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.5663506984710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5073136687278748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34947463870048523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.32734736800193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.26144731044769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2610948085784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24161240458488464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paleontology","display_name":"Paleontology","score":0.053321391344070435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6367610692977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5796692967414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.5663506984710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5073136687278748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34947463870048523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.32734736800193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.26144731044769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2610948085784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24161240458488464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.053321391344070435}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16101749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101749","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/10/1749/pdf?version=1715767860","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire/12b0c3a3-85ee-4cce-bd37-9a8dc4f91573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/12b0c3a3-85ee-4cce-bd37-9a8dc4f91573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fonseca, A, Marshall, M T & Salama, S 2024, 'Enhanced Detection of Artisanal Small-Scale Mining with Spectral and Textural Segmentation of Landsat Time Series', Remote sensing, vol. 16, no. 10, 1749. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101749","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/12b0c3a3-85ee-4cce-bd37-9a8dc4f91573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/files/418129052/remotesensing-16-01749.pdf","pdf_url":"https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/418129052/remotesensing-16-01749.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fonseca, A, Marshall, M T & Salama, S 2024, 'Enhanced Detection of Artisanal Small-Scale Mining with Spectral and Textural Segmentation of Landsat Time Series', Remote sensing, vol. 16, no. 10, 1749. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101749","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ff8da5e48a744503a2b27ad12f228a19","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ff8da5e48a744503a2b27ad12f228a19","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 10, p 1749 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16101749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101749","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/10/1749/pdf?version=1715767860","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321015","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396928390.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70551643","https://openalex.org/W1214056855","https://openalex.org/W1459728376","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1967573366","https://openalex.org/W1981646498","https://openalex.org/W1982982210","https://openalex.org/W1984093344","https://openalex.org/W1996298442","https://openalex.org/W2011409266","https://openalex.org/W2021121572","https://openalex.org/W2025745000","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2058312673","https://openalex.org/W2065526012","https://openalex.org/W2077509829","https://openalex.org/W2079236205","https://openalex.org/W2084744129","https://openalex.org/W2090575716","https://openalex.org/W2099842040","https://openalex.org/W2101678239","https://openalex.org/W2110306174","https://openalex.org/W2111256709","https://openalex.org/W2113410727","https://openalex.org/W2115525646","https://openalex.org/W2120146794","https://openalex.org/W2137999331","https://openalex.org/W2140908571","https://openalex.org/W2150776916","https://openalex.org/W2159703886","https://openalex.org/W2201246548","https://openalex.org/W2234018419","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2300415889","https://openalex.org/W2342295041","https://openalex.org/W2474542453","https://openalex.org/W2557117995","https://openalex.org/W2591402717","https://openalex.org/W2610639429","https://openalex.org/W2612816942","https://openalex.org/W2755616974","https://openalex.org/W2769358239","https://openalex.org/W2786693279","https://openalex.org/W2801667818","https://openalex.org/W2884678245","https://openalex.org/W2897285410","https://openalex.org/W2899553782","https://openalex.org/W2900161795","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2988983401","https://openalex.org/W2992619379","https://openalex.org/W3008266878","https://openalex.org/W3012352876","https://openalex.org/W3013840624","https://openalex.org/W3014372673","https://openalex.org/W3027610203","https://openalex.org/W3043758939","https://openalex.org/W3062193874","https://openalex.org/W3161236504","https://openalex.org/W3182308498","https://openalex.org/W3186536251","https://openalex.org/W3202614684","https://openalex.org/W3209521549","https://openalex.org/W4380080489","https://openalex.org/W6628323955","https://openalex.org/W6734309293","https://openalex.org/W6782023038","https://openalex.org/W6798600589","https://openalex.org/W6801613545","https://openalex.org/W6839933902"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2324615561","https://openalex.org/W2086120259","https://openalex.org/W2245170124","https://openalex.org/W2076393078","https://openalex.org/W3186982001","https://openalex.org/W1984402782","https://openalex.org/W2137941439","https://openalex.org/W2004200960","https://openalex.org/W2139939267","https://openalex.org/W1974511032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artisanal":[0],"small-scale":[1],"mines":[2,210],"(ASMs)":[3],"in":[4,19,30,36,94,142,155,224,233],"the":[5,37,77,88,101,114,151,177,194,212,234,242],"Amazon":[6,89],"Rainforest":[7],"are":[8,27,42,49,203],"an":[9,124],"important":[10,83,222],"cause":[11],"of":[12,81,87,117,184,193,275],"deforestation,":[13],"forest":[14],"degradation,":[15],"biodiversity":[16],"loss,":[17],"sedimentation":[18],"rivers,":[20],"and":[21,55,71,121,161,173,190,200,218,236,256,259,282,290],"mercury":[22],"emissions.":[23],"Satellite":[24],"image":[25,133],"data":[26],"widely":[28],"used":[29,100],"environmental":[31],"decision-making":[32],"to":[33,44,112,130,144,148,167,205],"monitor":[34],"changes":[35],"land":[38,60],"surface,":[39],"but":[40],"ASMs":[41,48,169],"difficult":[43],"map":[45,113],"from":[46,252],"space.":[47],"small,":[50],"irregularly":[51],"shaped,":[52],"unevenly":[53],"distributed,":[54],"confused":[56],"(spectrally)":[57],"with":[58,127,176,211,254,263,271],"other":[59],"clearance":[61],"types.":[62],"To":[63],"address":[64],"this":[65],"issue,":[66],"we":[67,99,137,159],"developed":[68],"a":[69,128,163],"reliable":[70],"efficient":[72],"ASM":[73,156,246,269],"detection":[74,93],"method":[75],"for":[76,150,244],"Tapaj\u00f3s":[78],"River":[79],"Basin":[80],"Brazil\u2014an":[82],"gold":[84],"mining":[85],"region":[86],"Rainforest.":[90],"We":[91],"enhanced":[92],"three":[95],"key":[96],"ways.":[97],"First,":[98],"time-series":[102],"segmentation":[103],"(LandTrendr)":[104],"Google":[105],"Earth":[106],"Engine":[107],"(GEE)":[108],"Application":[109],"Programming":[110],"Interface":[111],"pixel-wise":[115],"trajectory":[116],"natural":[118],"vegetation":[119,215],"disturbance":[120],"recovery":[122],"on":[123],"annual":[125],"basis":[126],"2000":[129],"2019":[131],"Landsat":[132],"time":[134],"series.":[135],"Second,":[136],"segmented":[138],"26":[139],"textural":[140,231],"features":[141,147,175,232],"addition":[143],"5":[145],"spectral":[146,276],"account":[149],"high":[152],"spatial":[153],"heterogeneity":[154],"pixels.":[157],"Third,":[158],"trained":[160],"tested":[162],"Random":[164,181,196],"Forest":[165,197],"model":[166],"detect":[168],"after":[170],"eliminating":[171],"irrelevant":[172],"redundant":[174],"Variable":[178],"Selection":[179],"Using":[180],"Forests":[182],"\u201censemble":[183],"ensembles\u201d":[185],"technique.":[186],"The":[187,220],"out-of-bag":[188],"error":[189],"overall":[191],"accuracy":[192],"final":[195],"was":[198,227],"3.73":[199],"92.6%,":[201],"which":[202],"comparable":[204],"studies":[206],"mapping":[207],"large":[208,249],"industrial":[209],"normalized":[213],"difference":[214],"index":[216],"(NDVI)":[217],"LandTrendr.":[219],"most":[221],"feature":[223],"our":[225],"study":[226],"NDVI,":[228],"followed":[229],"by":[230],"near":[235],"shortwave":[237],"infrared.":[238],"Our":[239],"work":[240],"paves":[241],"way":[243],"future":[245],"regulation":[247],"through":[248],"area":[250],"monitoring":[251,270],"space":[253],"free":[255],"open-source":[257],"GEE":[258],"operational":[260],"satellites.":[261],"Studies":[262],"sufficient":[264],"computational":[265],"resources":[266],"can":[267],"improve":[268],"advanced":[272],"sensors":[273],"consisting":[274],"narrow":[277],"bands":[278],"(Sentinel-2,":[279],"Environmental":[280],"Mapping":[281],"Analysis":[283],"Program,":[284],"PRecursore":[285],"IperSpettrale":[286],"della":[287],"Missione":[288],"Applicativa)":[289],"deep":[291],"learning.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}