{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393356350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071246","title":"PointMM: Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation CNN under Multi-Spatial Feature Encoding and Multi-Head Attention Pooling","display_name":"PointMM: Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation CNN under Multi-Spatial Feature Encoding and Multi-Head Attention Pooling","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393356350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071246"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16071246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071246","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/7/1246/pdf?version=1711900555","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/7/1246/pdf?version=1711900555","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049547216","display_name":"Ruixing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3531-9276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5343935","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruixing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100670171","display_name":"Jun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-5401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5343935","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079758427","display_name":"Ying Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8227-478X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5343935","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101607872","display_name":"Gang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2115-782X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165339","display_name":"Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05nqg3g04","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165339"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165339","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100670171"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.3382,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95133624,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"7","first_page":"1246","last_page":"1246"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.8556749820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8080462217330933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7630652189254761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7402315735816956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6306757926940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5961560606956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.5475989580154419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.537254273891449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5284911394119263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40690362453460693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.8556749820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8080462217330933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7630652189254761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7402315735816956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6306757926940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5961560606956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.5475989580154419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.537254273891449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5284911394119263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40690362453460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16071246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071246","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/7/1246/pdf?version=1711900555","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f3120b02ef664e0aa4bf5e78ba0d1f62","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f3120b02ef664e0aa4bf5e78ba0d1f62","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 7, p 1246 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16071246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071246","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/7/1246/pdf?version=1711900555","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G131107910","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42361071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2220120485","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6201249117","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB4607000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337368","display_name":"Division of Graduate Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00whkrf32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393356350.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2624503621","https://openalex.org/W2790308185","https://openalex.org/W2799406003","https://openalex.org/W2896259381","https://openalex.org/W2938428612","https://openalex.org/W2950642167","https://openalex.org/W2960986959","https://openalex.org/W2962941647","https://openalex.org/W2963046128","https://openalex.org/W2963231572","https://openalex.org/W2985812748","https://openalex.org/W2997944991","https://openalex.org/W3008274274","https://openalex.org/W3009401626","https://openalex.org/W3012494314","https://openalex.org/W3013243617","https://openalex.org/W3016245793","https://openalex.org/W3034239841","https://openalex.org/W3034981362","https://openalex.org/W3035338950","https://openalex.org/W3039448353","https://openalex.org/W3043099088","https://openalex.org/W3121580487","https://openalex.org/W3135024705","https://openalex.org/W3163821474","https://openalex.org/W3176124701","https://openalex.org/W3196583898","https://openalex.org/W3202765742","https://openalex.org/W3205209643","https://openalex.org/W3206724875","https://openalex.org/W3206842099","https://openalex.org/W4207072246","https://openalex.org/W4210344621","https://openalex.org/W4212831793","https://openalex.org/W4214755140","https://openalex.org/W4285102575","https://openalex.org/W4292554355","https://openalex.org/W4308866547","https://openalex.org/W4312890284","https://openalex.org/W4316468832","https://openalex.org/W4317569045","https://openalex.org/W4317987768","https://openalex.org/W4319300695","https://openalex.org/W4321780084","https://openalex.org/W4362471592","https://openalex.org/W4388423393","https://openalex.org/W4389914055","https://openalex.org/W4390740230","https://openalex.org/W4391024312","https://openalex.org/W4391103496","https://openalex.org/W6765299845","https://openalex.org/W6800746740","https://openalex.org/W6807511073"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953234277","https://openalex.org/W2626256601","https://openalex.org/W147410782","https://openalex.org/W2900413183","https://openalex.org/W4390975304","https://openalex.org/W4287694812","https://openalex.org/W3128716822","https://openalex.org/W3046762217","https://openalex.org/W4399442168","https://openalex.org/W2114282491"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"the":[1,32,66,76,81,86,109,142,175,189,193,200,207,217],"actual":[2],"collected":[3],"point":[4,35,68,138,156],"cloud":[5,36,157],"data,":[6],"there":[7],"are":[8],"widespread":[9],"challenges":[10],"such":[11,115],"as":[12,116],"semantic":[13,37,176],"inconsistency,":[14],"density":[15],"variations,":[16],"and":[17,94,118,134,150,160,205,214,228],"sparse":[18],"spatial":[19,87],"distribution.":[20],"A":[21],"network":[22],"called":[23],"PointMM":[24,46,166,191],"is":[25,129],"developed":[26],"in":[27,39,75,121,188,197,211],"this":[28],"study":[29],"to":[30,61,84,107,145,183],"enhance":[31],"accuracy":[33,178],"of":[34,45,89,111,123,137,179],"segmentation":[38,177],"complex":[40],"scenes.":[41],"The":[42],"main":[43],"contribution":[44],"involves":[47],"two":[48],"aspects:":[49],"(1)":[50],"Multi-spatial":[51],"feature":[52,58,77,126],"encoding.":[53],"We":[54,100],"leverage":[55,101],"a":[56,102,222],"novel":[57],"encoding":[59],"module":[60,106],"learn":[62,85],"multi-spatial":[63,133],"features":[64,136,169],"from":[65],"neighborhood":[67],"set":[69],"obtained":[70],"by":[71,131,195],"k-nearest":[72],"neighbors":[73],"(KNN)":[74],"space.":[78],"This":[79,128],"enhances":[80],"network\u2019s":[82,143],"ability":[83,144],"structures":[88],"various":[90,180],"samples":[91],"more":[92,148],"finely":[93],"completely.":[95],"(2)":[96],"Multi-head":[97],"attention":[98,104],"pooling.":[99],"multi-head":[103],"pooling":[105],"address":[108],"limitations":[110],"symmetric":[112],"function-based":[113],"pooling,":[114,120],"maximum":[117],"average":[119],"terms":[122],"losing":[124],"detailed":[125],"information.":[127],"achieved":[130],"aggregating":[132],"attribute":[135],"clouds,":[139],"thereby":[140],"enhancing":[141],"transmit":[146],"information":[147],"comprehensively":[149],"accurately.":[151],"Experiments":[152],"on":[153,199,216],"publicly":[154],"available":[155],"datasets":[158],"S3DIS":[159,218],"ISPRS":[161,201],"3D":[162,202],"Vaihingen":[163,203],"demonstrate":[164],"that":[165],"effectively":[167],"learns":[168],"at":[170],"different":[171],"levels,":[172],"while":[173],"improving":[174],"objects.":[181],"Compared":[182],"12":[184],"state-of-the-art":[185],"methods":[186],"reported":[187],"literature,":[190],"outperforms":[192],"runner-up":[194],"2.3%":[196],"OA":[198,213],"dataset,":[204],"achieves":[206],"third":[208],"best":[209],"performance":[210],"both":[212],"MioU":[215],"dataset.":[219],"Both":[220],"achieve":[221],"satisfactory":[223],"balance":[224],"between":[225],"OA,":[226],"F1,":[227],"MioU.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-20T07:46:08.049788","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}