{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386423009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174357","title":"Neural Network-Based Wind Measurements in Rainy Conditions Using the HY-2A Scatterometer","display_name":"Neural Network-Based Wind Measurements in Rainy Conditions Using the HY-2A Scatterometer","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386423009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174357"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15174357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174357","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4357/pdf?version=1693833552","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4357/pdf?version=1693833552","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004000771","display_name":"Jing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7104-6661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020254649","display_name":"Xuetong Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1261-7003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuetong Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022528179","display_name":"Ruru Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4560-2000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruru Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057141411","display_name":"Mingsen Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5468-1591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128742","display_name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service","ror":"https://ror.org/038fwcw54","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128742"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingsen Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128742"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064999025","display_name":"Xiankun Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiankun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020254649"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10720836,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"17","first_page":"4357","last_page":"4357"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10647","display_name":"Coastal and Marine Dynamics","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scatterometer","display_name":"Scatterometer","score":0.8996204137802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.7456560134887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.631961464881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.5499522089958191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.5279546976089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4894193708896637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-direction","display_name":"Wind direction","score":0.4489176571369171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.44054096937179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4111979305744171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.17876514792442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1721407175064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09997892379760742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09620752930641174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09138816595077515}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776212561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905295","display_name":"Scatterometer","level":3,"score":0.8996204137802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.7456560134887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.631961464881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.5499522089958191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5279546976089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4894193708896637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107775477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057900","display_name":"Wind direction","level":3,"score":0.4489176571369171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.44054096937179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4111979305744171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17876514792442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1721407175064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09997892379760742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09620752930641174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09138816595077515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15174357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174357","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4357/pdf?version=1693833552","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aa36c18de13e4391a5d25d3d6d63296e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aa36c18de13e4391a5d25d3d6d63296e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 17, p 4357 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/17/4357/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15174357","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15174357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174357","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/17/4357/pdf?version=1693833552","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1479791717","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41876204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G328878586","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFC3104901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G413480917","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41876204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4343311810","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFC3104901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331771","display_name":"European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts","ror":"https://ror.org/014w0fd65"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386423009.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1905763819","https://openalex.org/W1964619764","https://openalex.org/W1986177441","https://openalex.org/W1986669327","https://openalex.org/W1998860171","https://openalex.org/W2010851006","https://openalex.org/W2020717469","https://openalex.org/W2029773537","https://openalex.org/W2043186269","https://openalex.org/W2047756169","https://openalex.org/W2070153368","https://openalex.org/W2087060808","https://openalex.org/W2093761294","https://openalex.org/W2095643007","https://openalex.org/W2097761609","https://openalex.org/W2098783114","https://openalex.org/W2104896051","https://openalex.org/W2107982224","https://openalex.org/W2110474605","https://openalex.org/W2112914012","https://openalex.org/W2118253779","https://openalex.org/W2123639010","https://openalex.org/W2126050124","https://openalex.org/W2133706561","https://openalex.org/W2140045546","https://openalex.org/W2150121776","https://openalex.org/W2152646620","https://openalex.org/W2163988861","https://openalex.org/W2170933679","https://openalex.org/W2175112239","https://openalex.org/W2175114572","https://openalex.org/W2175814167","https://openalex.org/W2179955568","https://openalex.org/W2180737825","https://openalex.org/W2349636697","https://openalex.org/W2529916521","https://openalex.org/W2604626072","https://openalex.org/W2809623306","https://openalex.org/W2901483737","https://openalex.org/W2909481090","https://openalex.org/W2913323966","https://openalex.org/W2922322604","https://openalex.org/W2988483341","https://openalex.org/W2990679676","https://openalex.org/W3026705033","https://openalex.org/W3027626004","https://openalex.org/W6778095579","https://openalex.org/W7030790963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2159202121","https://openalex.org/W2288310241","https://openalex.org/W1984090108","https://openalex.org/W4321492268","https://openalex.org/W238980701","https://openalex.org/W2301582445","https://openalex.org/W2112476022","https://openalex.org/W170616846","https://openalex.org/W3082854019","https://openalex.org/W2303412596"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wind":[0],"measurement":[1,29,59],"using":[2,30,92,183],"spaceborne":[3],"scatterometers":[4],"has":[5],"been":[6],"used":[7,104],"for":[8],"various":[9],"scientific":[10],"and":[11,61,79,83,98,127,157,162],"operational":[12],"purposes.":[13],"However,":[14],"the":[15,27,31,56,62,67,86,106,110,119,122,146,155,170,174,190,198],"major":[16],"problem":[17],"of":[18,88,121,137,173],"such":[19],"measurements":[20,91],"is":[21,48,141,195],"contamination":[22],"by":[23],"rain.":[24],"To":[25],"improve":[26,85],"wind":[28,77,81,89,113,125,129,150,193],"HY-2A":[32,68,93],"scatterometer":[33,69,94],"under":[34,201],"rainy":[35],"conditions,":[36,118,154],"a":[37,135,142],"neural":[38,111,123,191],"network-based":[39],"model":[40,47,72],"was":[41,131],"established":[42],"in":[43,51,105],"this":[44],"study.":[45],"The":[46,71,180],"almost":[49],"autonomous":[50],"that":[52,189],"it":[53],"only":[54],"needs":[55],"backscatter":[57],"coefficient":[58],"data":[60,97,102,186,200],"observation":[63],"geometry":[64],"information":[65],"from":[66,145],"itself.":[70],"can":[73],"distinguish":[74],"between":[75],"rain-contaminated":[76],"pixels":[78,82],"rain-free":[80],"significantly":[84],"accuracy":[87],"speed":[90,126,130,194],"alone.":[95],"TAO":[96,128],"linearly":[99,184],"calibrated":[100,185],"ECMWF":[101],"were":[103,159,167],"study":[107],"to":[108,197],"validate":[109],"network-inverted":[112,124,192],"speed.":[114,151],"Under":[115,152],"no":[116],"rain":[117,153,202],"RMS":[120,156],"1.06":[132],"m/s,":[133,139,164],"with":[134],"deviation":[136,158],"\u22120.21":[138],"which":[140,166],"small":[143],"difference":[144],"standard":[147],"method":[148],"inverted":[149],"1.94":[160],"m/s":[161],"0.66":[163],"respectively,":[165],"better":[168],"than":[169],"statistical":[171],"results":[172,182],"conventional":[175],"maximum":[176],"likelihood":[177],"estimation":[178],"method.":[179],"validated":[181],"also":[187],"indicate":[188],"closer":[196],"validation":[199],"conditions.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}