{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385416734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153815","title":"Spatial Characteristics of Global Strong Constant-Frequency Electromagnetic Disturbances from Electric-Field VLF Data of the CSES","display_name":"Spatial Characteristics of Global Strong Constant-Frequency Electromagnetic Disturbances from Electric-Field VLF Data of the CSES","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385416734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153815"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15153815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153815","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/15/3815/pdf?version=1690810063","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/15/3815/pdf?version=1690810063","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014607707","display_name":"Ying Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-0534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098369","display_name":"Institute of Disaster Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/00pyv1r78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369","https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042479133","display_name":"Qiao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6604-0003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098880","display_name":"National Institute of Hospital Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00xdrzy17","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101781845","display_name":"Jianping Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7961-5865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098880","display_name":"National Institute of Hospital Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00xdrzy17","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianping Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098880"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101538524","display_name":"Jing Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6162-0025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098369","display_name":"Institute of Disaster Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/00pyv1r78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369","https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049696008","display_name":"Zhong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4436-3845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098369","display_name":"Institute of Disaster Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/00pyv1r78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369","https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100335702","display_name":"Yali Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1739-3053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098369","display_name":"Institute of Disaster Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/00pyv1r78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369","https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yali Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065421, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082479012","display_name":"Jingyi Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7783-9846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017355969","display_name":"Xuhui Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6002-0167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuhui Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014607707"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098369"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.3763,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77697341,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"15","first_page":"3815","last_page":"3815"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10110","display_name":"earthquake and tectonic studies","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.9222524166107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5028936266899109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4910009205341339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4664211869239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.45230674743652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.43757352232933044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.436513215303421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2798284888267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2788196802139282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27122512459754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19128283858299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.10652950406074524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.9222524166107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5028936266899109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4910009205341339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4664211869239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.45230674743652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.43757352232933044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.436513215303421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2798284888267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2788196802139282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27122512459754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19128283858299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.10652950406074524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15153815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153815","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/15/3815/pdf?version=1690810063","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:06bef335684f43138eda70299bf6aa10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/06bef335684f43138eda70299bf6aa10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 15, p 3815 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/15/3815/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15153815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 15; Pages: 3815","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15153815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153815","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/15/3815/pdf?version=1690810063","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1627681169","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201501","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2376276132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2738735431","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4072841393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZY20215143","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5672868466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZY2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G57014688","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JY2023B42","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6366813322","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42104159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6722047523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FZ224104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7490671359","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20150109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G754695499","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20150109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8913546571","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202151","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317129","display_name":"China National Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/004vanv95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326553","display_name":"China Earthquake Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/045sza929"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385416734.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483434744","https://openalex.org/W1487178089","https://openalex.org/W1996067523","https://openalex.org/W1998058116","https://openalex.org/W2015535611","https://openalex.org/W2043935828","https://openalex.org/W2047479352","https://openalex.org/W2049472391","https://openalex.org/W2069555148","https://openalex.org/W2086957355","https://openalex.org/W2105921158","https://openalex.org/W2142932218","https://openalex.org/W2357583401","https://openalex.org/W2379218279","https://openalex.org/W2391485173","https://openalex.org/W2592172612","https://openalex.org/W2790162062","https://openalex.org/W2792153408","https://openalex.org/W2801430671","https://openalex.org/W2902019534","https://openalex.org/W2902626175","https://openalex.org/W2910340436","https://openalex.org/W2917492486","https://openalex.org/W2946623817","https://openalex.org/W3015167087","https://openalex.org/W3086300661","https://openalex.org/W3087485473","https://openalex.org/W3130155045","https://openalex.org/W4230032192","https://openalex.org/W4281728936","https://openalex.org/W4282020771","https://openalex.org/W4318833640","https://openalex.org/W4365515571","https://openalex.org/W6790836955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2530685530","https://openalex.org/W4375868962","https://openalex.org/W2011227383","https://openalex.org/W2088854863","https://openalex.org/W4402568167","https://openalex.org/W3179495260","https://openalex.org/W1976719989","https://openalex.org/W3127543252","https://openalex.org/W2348795485","https://openalex.org/W2052913792"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ionospheric":[0],"disturbances":[1,34,43,58],"are":[2],"mainly":[3],"caused":[4],"by":[5,15],"solar":[6],"and":[7,55,71,82,176,185,200,212,215],"Earth":[8],"surface":[9],"activity.":[10],"The":[11],"electromagnetic":[12,42],"data":[13,99,199],"collected":[14],"the":[16,24,77,126,132,137,194],"CSES":[17,95,197],"(China":[18],"Seismo-Electromagnetic":[19],"Satellite,":[20],"popularly":[21],"known":[22],"as":[23,46,61],"Zhangheng-1":[25],"satellite)":[26],"can":[27,35,59],"capture":[28],"many":[29],"space":[30],"disturbances.":[31],"Different":[32],"spatial":[33,86,169,177,209],"exhibit":[36],"distinctive":[37],"shapes":[38],"on":[39,64,116],"spectrograms.":[40,65],"Constant-frequency":[41],"(CFEDs)":[44],"such":[45],"artificially":[47],"transmitted":[48],"VLF":[49,96],"radio":[50],"waves,":[51],"power":[52,142,163],"line":[53],"harmonics,":[54],"satellite":[56],"platform":[57],"appear":[60],"horizontal":[62,114,119],"lines":[63,115,120],"Therefore,":[66],"we":[67,90,104,135,155],"used":[68],"computer":[69],"vision":[70],"machine":[72],"learning":[73],"techniques":[74],"to":[75,110,124,192],"extract":[76],"frequency":[78,129,148,181,183],"of":[79,139,196],"global":[80,207],"CFEDs":[81,140],"analyze":[83],"their":[84,146],"strong":[85,152],"signal":[87,186],"characteristics.":[88],"First,":[89],"obtained":[91],"time-frequency":[92],"spectrograms":[93,164],"from":[94,121],"electric-field":[97],"waveform":[98],"using":[100,171],"Fourier":[101],"transform.":[102],"Next,":[103],"employed":[105],"an":[106],"unsupervised":[107],"clustering":[108],"algorithm":[109],"automatically":[111],"recognize":[112],"CFED":[113,127,153,208],"spectrograms,":[117,123,143],"merging":[118],"different":[122],"obtain":[125],"horizontal-line":[128],"range.":[130],"In":[131],"third":[133],"stage,":[134],"verified":[136],"presence":[138],"in":[141,161],"thus":[144],"extracting":[145],"true":[147],"values.":[149],"Finally,":[150],"for":[151,165,205],"signals,":[154],"generated":[156],"eight":[157],"revisited":[158],"periods,":[159],"resulting":[160],"10,230":[162],"analyzing":[166],"each":[167],"CFED\u2019s":[168],"characteristics":[170],"a":[172,202],"combined":[173],"periodic":[174],"sequence":[175],"region":[178],"that":[179],"included":[180],"offsets,":[182],"fluctuations,":[184],"non-observation":[187],"areas.":[188],"These":[189],"findings":[190],"contribute":[191],"enhancing":[193],"quality":[195],"observational":[198],"provides":[201],"theoretical":[203],"basis":[204],"constructing":[206],"background":[210],"fields":[211],"earthquake":[213],"monitoring":[214],"early":[216],"prediction":[217],"systems.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2023-08-01T00:00:00"}