{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385319222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153714","title":"Semantic Segmentation of China\u2019s Coastal Wetlands Based on Sentinel-2 and Segformer","display_name":"Semantic Segmentation of China\u2019s Coastal Wetlands Based on Sentinel-2 and Segformer","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385319222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153714"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15153714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153714","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/15/3714/pdf?version=1690285446","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/15/3714/pdf?version=1690285446","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001763266","display_name":"Xufeng Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1059-4820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xufeng Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076526739","display_name":"Youwei Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7494-3974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youwei Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389829","display_name":"Gong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5067-9889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430119","display_name":"Wenjing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8565-8045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419038","display_name":"Rong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1455-5093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000934048","display_name":"Demin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6704-8979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Demin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101569374","display_name":"Yinlong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7611-7596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinlong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-Tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Huaian 223100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-Tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Huaian 223100, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101780811","display_name":"Yongbo Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7916-749X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongbo Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101780811"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.4549,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97511482,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"15","first_page":"3714","last_page":"3714"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10779","display_name":"Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.948199987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wetland","display_name":"Wetland","score":0.8176569938659668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spartina-alterniflora","display_name":"Spartina alterniflora","score":0.6390388011932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phragmites","display_name":"Phragmites","score":0.6119235754013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5154607892036438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4877191483974457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4648996889591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4164350628852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3889625072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2505544424057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.17368847131729126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.8176569938659668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779858377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2697224","display_name":"Spartina alterniflora","level":4,"score":0.6390388011932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781178838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1976487","display_name":"Phragmites","level":3,"score":0.6119235754013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5154607892036438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4877191483974457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4648996889591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4164350628852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3889625072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2505544424057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.17368847131729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67268981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30198","display_name":"Marsh","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15153714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153714","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/15/3714/pdf?version=1690285446","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b3b766877dea4734b2cc5fc260ca4776","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b3b766877dea4734b2cc5fc260ca4776","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 15, p 3714 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/15/3714/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15153714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 15; Pages: 3714","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15153714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153714","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/15/3714/pdf?version=1690285446","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385319222.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994780096","https://openalex.org/W2010478697","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2336879049","https://openalex.org/W2525592260","https://openalex.org/W2538244214","https://openalex.org/W2552224582","https://openalex.org/W2743142445","https://openalex.org/W2746065157","https://openalex.org/W2797446964","https://openalex.org/W2806676663","https://openalex.org/W2901612244","https://openalex.org/W2921554645","https://openalex.org/W2971432438","https://openalex.org/W2975225574","https://openalex.org/W2996904338","https://openalex.org/W3015166318","https://openalex.org/W3033035593","https://openalex.org/W3103554233","https://openalex.org/W3121432989","https://openalex.org/W3124459988","https://openalex.org/W3128592650","https://openalex.org/W3130455691","https://openalex.org/W3176962641","https://openalex.org/W3198644317","https://openalex.org/W3200827251","https://openalex.org/W3205209293","https://openalex.org/W3214821343","https://openalex.org/W4200168566","https://openalex.org/W4205138939","https://openalex.org/W4205343656","https://openalex.org/W4205682476","https://openalex.org/W4210796739","https://openalex.org/W4214601273","https://openalex.org/W4229439118","https://openalex.org/W4285173877","https://openalex.org/W4292058731","https://openalex.org/W4292553515","https://openalex.org/W4292829736","https://openalex.org/W4296339277","https://openalex.org/W4297533996","https://openalex.org/W4309575816","https://openalex.org/W4309738721","https://openalex.org/W4312533283","https://openalex.org/W4312868071","https://openalex.org/W4366091525","https://openalex.org/W4382407554","https://openalex.org/W6751831877","https://openalex.org/W6797425132","https://openalex.org/W6797691975","https://openalex.org/W6801802493"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2369900243","https://openalex.org/W2378906589","https://openalex.org/W2593412508","https://openalex.org/W1583461213","https://openalex.org/W2388061678","https://openalex.org/W2376373016","https://openalex.org/W2381871461","https://openalex.org/W2401026814","https://openalex.org/W4307414456","https://openalex.org/W940681084"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Concerning":[0],"the":[1,5,15,35,56,87,111,133,164,175,189,196,199,224],"ever-changing":[2],"wetland":[3,9,20,44,137,168,241],"environment,":[4],"efficient":[6],"extraction":[7],"of":[8,19,115,166,182,195,204,218,228],"information":[10],"holds":[11],"great":[12],"significance":[13],"for":[14,47,136,237],"research":[16,239],"and":[17,28,38,80,90,100,113,124,140,156,172,192,234],"management":[18],"ecosystems.":[21],"China\u2019s":[22],"vast":[23],"coastal":[24,48,220],"wetlands":[25,49,207,221],"possess":[26],"rich":[27],"diverse":[29],"geographical":[30],"features.":[31,144],"This":[32,108],"study":[33,46,109,213],"employs":[34],"SegFormer":[36,131],"model":[37,135],"Sentinel-2":[39],"data":[40,119],"to":[41,185],"conduct":[42],"a":[43],"classification":[45,60,190],"in":[50,174],"Yancheng,":[51],"Jiangsu,":[52],"China.":[53],"After":[54],"preprocessing":[55],"Sentinel":[57],"data,":[58],"nine":[59],"objects":[61],"(construction":[62],"land,":[63],"Spartina":[64],"alterniflora":[65],"(S.":[66,70],"alterniflora),":[67],"Suaeda":[68],"salsa":[69],"salsa),":[71],"Phragmites":[72],"australis":[73],"(P.":[74],"australis),":[75],"farmland,":[76],"river":[77],"system,":[78],"aquaculture":[79],"tidal":[81],"falt)":[82],"were":[83,103],"identified":[84],"based":[85,222],"on":[86,223,240],"previous":[88],"literature":[89],"remote":[91],"sensing":[92],"images.":[93],"Moreover,":[94],"mAcc,":[95],"mIoU,":[96],"aAcc,":[97],"Precision,":[98],"Recall":[99],"F-1":[101],"score":[102],"chosen":[104],"as":[105],"evaluation":[106],"indicators.":[107],"explores":[110],"potential":[112],"effectiveness":[114],"multiple":[116],"methods,":[117],"including":[118],"image":[120],"processing,":[121],"machine":[122],"learning":[123],"deep":[125,229],"learning.":[126],"The":[127],"results":[128],"indicate":[129],"that":[130],"is":[132],"best":[134],"classification,":[138],"efficiently":[139],"accurately":[141],"extracting":[142],"small-scale":[143],"With":[145],"mIoU":[146],"(0.81),":[147],"mAcc":[148],"(0.87),":[149],"aAcc":[150],"(0.94),":[151],"mPrecision":[152],"(0.901),":[153],"mRecall":[154],"(0.876)":[155],"mFscore":[157],"(0.887)":[158],"higher":[159],"than":[160],"other":[161],"models.":[162],"In":[163,210],"face":[165],"unbalanced":[167],"categories,":[169],"combining":[170],"CrossEntropyLoss":[171],"FocalLoss":[173],"loss":[176],"function":[177],"can":[178],"improve":[179],"several":[180],"indicators":[181],"difficult":[183],"cases":[184],"be":[186],"segmented,":[187],"enhancing":[188],"accuracy":[191],"generalization":[193],"ability":[194],"model.":[197],"Finally,":[198],"category":[200],"scale":[201],"pie":[202],"chart":[203],"Yancheng":[205,219],"Binhai":[206],"was":[208],"plotted.":[209],"conclusion,":[211],"this":[212],"achieves":[214],"an":[215],"effective":[216],"segmentation":[217,226],"semantic":[225],"method":[227],"learning,":[230],"providing":[231],"technical":[232],"support":[233],"reference":[235],"value":[236],"subsequent":[238],"values.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}