{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384525620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143566","title":"SMBCNet: A Transformer-Based Approach for Change Detection in Remote Sensing Images through Semantic Segmentation","display_name":"SMBCNet: A Transformer-Based Approach for Change Detection in Remote Sensing Images through Semantic Segmentation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384525620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143566"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15143566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143566","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/14/3566/pdf?version=1689567850","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/14/3566/pdf?version=1689567850","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010627630","display_name":"Jiangfan Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9155-1865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangfan Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024037408","display_name":"Xinyu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2194-4137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106406210","display_name":"Zhujun Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1595-2455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121989","display_name":"Pearl River Hydraulic Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/036g8gs02","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121989"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhujun Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pearl River Water Resources Research Institute, Pearl River Water Resources Commission, Guangzhou 510610, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pearl River Water Resources Research Institute, Pearl River Water Resources Commission, Guangzhou 510610, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049206394","display_name":"Maimai Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2230-6774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121989","display_name":"Pearl River Hydraulic Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/036g8gs02","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121989"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maimai Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pearl River Water Resources Research Institute, Pearl River Water Resources Commission, Guangzhou 510610, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pearl River Water Resources Research Institute, Pearl River Water Resources Commission, Guangzhou 510610, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121989"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092047618","display_name":"Wei Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9833-5543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024037408"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.8797,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87351125,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"14","first_page":"3566","last_page":"3566"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9692999720573425,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7985479831695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.734584629535675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.702307403087616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5736023783683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5324313044548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41884711384773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.34386807680130005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34006065130233765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.33211618661880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3257448673248291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08805081248283386}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7985479831695557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.734584629535675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.702307403087616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5736023783683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5324313044548035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41884711384773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.34386807680130005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34006065130233765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33211618661880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3257448673248291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08805081248283386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15143566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143566","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/14/3566/pdf?version=1689567850","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5e9f644e7faa4803bf42d1cfe26ee7f5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5e9f644e7faa4803bf42d1cfe26ee7f5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 14, p 3566 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/14/3566/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15143566","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 14; Pages: 3566","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15143566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143566","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/14/3566/pdf?version=1689567850","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1356514951","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41971","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1676538987","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SKR-2022037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2624028076","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0855","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2937117771","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CYS22448","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3239092656","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"cstc20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5830261330","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"jcyj-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6843444461","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41971365","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6936822748","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41971365","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G695691055","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"cstc2020jcyj","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7012311525","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0855","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8955107213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Major","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322423","display_name":"Ministry of Water Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/04e698d63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384525620.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384525620.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2008265903","https://openalex.org/W2144552105","https://openalex.org/W2160544350","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2579702661","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2751993439","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2891248708","https://openalex.org/W2896092083","https://openalex.org/W2921458013","https://openalex.org/W2951991161","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2966542792","https://openalex.org/W3009942016","https://openalex.org/W3012456963","https://openalex.org/W3027225766","https://openalex.org/W3036453075","https://openalex.org/W3104899156","https://openalex.org/W3120467244","https://openalex.org/W3130754787","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3176198174","https://openalex.org/W3182928821","https://openalex.org/W3184566187","https://openalex.org/W3189451737","https://openalex.org/W3193414609","https://openalex.org/W3211490618","https://openalex.org/W3214719104","https://openalex.org/W4213124617","https://openalex.org/W4226228401","https://openalex.org/W4292348104","https://openalex.org/W4312549298","https://openalex.org/W4312979490","https://openalex.org/W4313350235","https://openalex.org/W4377079808","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W6652674429","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6790731625","https://openalex.org/W6797399245","https://openalex.org/W6798945365","https://openalex.org/W6800135027","https://openalex.org/W6804355222","https://openalex.org/W6811007873","https://openalex.org/W6842165986","https://openalex.org/W6843344049"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2568858292","https://openalex.org/W1515964938","https://openalex.org/W2389381914","https://openalex.org/W2376528221","https://openalex.org/W196800607","https://openalex.org/W4390516098","https://openalex.org/W2359428812","https://openalex.org/W3181296946","https://openalex.org/W2181948922","https://openalex.org/W2015705630"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"sensing":[1,158],"change":[2,102,116,152],"detection":[3,117,153],"(RSCD)":[4],"is":[5,147],"crucial":[6],"for":[7,91],"our":[8],"understanding":[9],"of":[10,14,95],"the":[11,15,60,92,115,127],"dynamic":[12],"pattern":[13],"Earth\u2019s":[16],"surface":[17],"and":[18,49],"human":[19],"influence.":[20],"Recently,":[21],"transformer-based":[22,56],"methodologies":[23],"have":[24],"advanced":[25],"from":[26,137],"their":[27],"powerful":[28],"global":[29,84],"modeling":[30],"capabilities":[31],"in":[32,156],"RSCD":[33,57],"tasks.":[34],"Nevertheless,":[35],"they":[36],"remain":[37],"under":[38],"excessive":[39],"parameterization,":[40],"which":[41],"continues":[42],"to":[43,82,133,151],"be":[44],"severely":[45],"constrained":[46],"by":[47],"time":[48],"computation":[50],"resources.":[51],"Here,":[52],"we":[53,97,113,125],"present":[54],"a":[55,71,77,99,120],"model":[58],"called":[59],"Segmentation":[61],"Multi-Branch":[62],"Change":[63],"Detection":[64],"Network":[65],"(SMBCNet).":[66],"Our":[67],"proposed":[68],"approach":[69],"combines":[70],"hierarchically":[72],"structured":[73],"transformer":[74],"encoder":[75],"with":[76,86],"cross-scale":[78],"enhancement":[79],"module":[80,104],"(CEM)":[81],"extract":[83],"information":[85],"lower":[87],"complexity.":[88],"To":[89],"account":[90],"diverse":[93,138],"nature":[94],"changes,":[96],"introduce":[98],"plug-and-play":[100],"multi-branch":[101],"fusion":[103],"(MCFM)":[105],"that":[106,144],"integrates":[107],"temporal":[108],"features.":[109],"Within":[110],"this":[111],"module,":[112],"transform":[114],"task":[118],"into":[119],"semantic":[121,145],"segmentation":[122,146],"problem.":[123],"Moreover,":[124],"identify":[126],"Temporal":[128],"Feature":[129],"Aggregation":[130],"Module":[131],"(TFAM)":[132],"facilitate":[134],"integrating":[135],"features":[136],"spatial":[139],"scales.":[140],"These":[141],"results":[142],"demonstrate":[143],"an":[148],"effective":[149],"solution":[150],"(CD)":[154],"problems":[155],"remote":[157],"images.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-20T07:46:08.049788","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}