{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377108378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102638","title":"Removing Human Bottlenecks in Bird Classification Using Camera Trap Images and Deep Learning","display_name":"Removing Human Bottlenecks in Bird Classification Using Camera Trap Images and Deep Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377108378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102638"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102638","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102638","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2638/pdf?version=1684414760","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2638/pdf?version=1684414760","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019193550","display_name":"Carl Chalmers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0822-1150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carl Chalmers","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015808667","display_name":"Paul Fergus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-4447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Fergus","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017869485","display_name":"Serge A. Wich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3954-5174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Serge Wich","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065856812","display_name":"Steven N. Longmore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6353-0170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven N. Longmore","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054097219","display_name":"Naomi Davies Walsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8120-6323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naomi Davies Walsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002020864","display_name":"Philip A. Stephens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5849-788X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","display_name":"Durham University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v29qb04","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip A. Stephens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078591197","display_name":"Chris Sutherland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2073-1751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Sutherland","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088241739","display_name":"Naomi Matthews","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0466-5088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801076334","display_name":"Chester Zoo","ror":"https://ror.org/01ysrp540","country_code":"GB","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801076334"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naomi Matthews","raw_affiliation_strings":["Conservation and Research, Chester Zoo, Cheshire CH2 1LH, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Conservation and Research, Chester Zoo, Cheshire CH2 1LH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801076334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011931847","display_name":"Jens Mudde","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Mudde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033691833","display_name":"Amira Nuseibeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","display_name":"Durham University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v29qb04","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amira Nuseibeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019193550"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":12.7282,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98608028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"10","first_page":"2638","last_page":"2638"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6949586868286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.6726891994476318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/camera-trap","display_name":"Camera trap","score":0.5542702078819275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5144736766815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4746326208114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.4462776482105255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33843299746513367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3367663025856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.24893802404403687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/habitat","display_name":"Habitat","score":0.19883736968040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08792001008987427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6949586868286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.6726891994476318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779101711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1723004","display_name":"Camera trap","level":3,"score":0.5542702078819275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5144736766815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4746326208114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.4462776482105255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33843299746513367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3367663025856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.24893802404403687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.19883736968040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08792001008987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102638","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102638","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2638/pdf?version=1684414760","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk:19663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0822-1150","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/19663/1/remotesensing-15-02638.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401246","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","host_organization_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1f8358e36e3045b6a5ecc7c82d0fe1e7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1f8358e36e3045b6a5ecc7c82d0fe1e7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 10, p 2638 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:durham-repository.worktribe.com:1173973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1173973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/27714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10023/27714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400230","display_name":"St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","host_organization_name":"University of St Andrews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15102638","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102638","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/10/2638/pdf?version=1684414760","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2943640957","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ST/W508032/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","ror":"https://ror.org/057g20z61"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377108378.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1243811869","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1774267230","https://openalex.org/W1819756470","https://openalex.org/W1984514441","https://openalex.org/W2010851696","https://openalex.org/W2037771002","https://openalex.org/W2117287331","https://openalex.org/W2136836265","https://openalex.org/W2137205667","https://openalex.org/W2332600968","https://openalex.org/W2752813595","https://openalex.org/W2801426857","https://openalex.org/W2804186870","https://openalex.org/W2810653727","https://openalex.org/W2847216692","https://openalex.org/W2889366632","https://openalex.org/W2890102334","https://openalex.org/W2923287188","https://openalex.org/W2946413036","https://openalex.org/W3038247979","https://openalex.org/W3082143862","https://openalex.org/W3091118971","https://openalex.org/W3098602794","https://openalex.org/W3137342028","https://openalex.org/W4221006709","https://openalex.org/W4301206121","https://openalex.org/W4313332248","https://openalex.org/W6638319203","https://openalex.org/W6679955943","https://openalex.org/W6744262642","https://openalex.org/W6765779288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229448053","https://openalex.org/W2059768187","https://openalex.org/W4247925126","https://openalex.org/W4312858960","https://openalex.org/W4386036939","https://openalex.org/W4327774218","https://openalex.org/W3206445629","https://openalex.org/W2605096541","https://openalex.org/W3200286695","https://openalex.org/W4380075502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Birds":[0],"are":[1,93,168,177],"important":[2],"indicators":[3],"for":[4,57,89,101,134,143,151,200,227],"monitoring":[5,40,60],"both":[6],"biodiversity":[7],"and":[8,34,38,64,72,85,113,121,132,157,182,215],"habitat":[9],"health;":[10],"they":[11],"also":[12],"play":[13],"a":[14,118,173,211],"crucial":[15],"role":[16],"in":[17,21,26,117,163,170],"ecosystem":[18,28],"management.":[19],"Declines":[20],"bird":[22,155,229],"populations":[23],"can":[24],"result":[25],"reduced":[27],"services,":[29],"including":[30],"seed":[31],"dispersal,":[32],"pollination":[33],"pest":[35],"control.":[36],"Accurate":[37],"long-term":[39],"of":[41,46,52,126,154,160,209,213,217,223],"birds":[42],"to":[43,67,111,189],"identify":[44],"species":[45,156],"concern":[47],"while":[48],"measuring":[49],"the":[50,115,123,130,198,221],"success":[51],"conservation":[53],"interventions":[54],"is":[55,61],"essential":[56],"ecologists.":[58],"However,":[59],"time-consuming,":[62],"costly":[63],"often":[65],"difficult":[66,110],"manage":[68],"over":[69,179],"long":[70],"durations":[71],"at":[73],"meaningfully":[74],"large":[75],"spatial":[76],"scales.":[77],"Technology":[78],"such":[79],"as":[80],"camera":[81,99,164],"traps,":[82],"acoustic":[83],"monitors":[84],"drones":[86],"provide":[87,190],"methods":[88],"non-invasive":[90],"monitoring.":[91,230],"There":[92],"two":[94],"main":[95],"problems":[96],"with":[97,192],"using":[98,172,184,224],"traps":[100],"monitoring:":[102],"(a)":[103],"cameras":[104,181],"generate":[105],"many":[106],"images,":[107],"making":[108],"it":[109],"process":[112],"analyse":[114],"data":[116],"timely":[119],"manner;":[120],"(b)":[122],"high":[124],"proportion":[125],"false":[127,161],"positives":[128,162],"hinders":[129],"processing":[131],"analysis":[133],"reporting.":[135],"In":[136],"this":[137],"paper,":[138],"we":[139],"outline":[140],"an":[141,206],"approach":[142],"overcoming":[144],"these":[145],"issues":[146],"by":[147],"utilising":[148],"deep":[149,225],"learning":[150,226],"real-time":[152,171],"classification":[153],"automated":[158],"removal":[159],"trap":[165],"data.":[166],"Images":[167,176],"classified":[169],"Faster-RCNN":[174],"architecture.":[175],"transmitted":[178],"3/4G":[180],"processed":[183],"Graphical":[185],"Processing":[186],"Units":[187],"(GPUs)":[188],"conservationists":[191],"key":[193],"detection":[194],"metrics,":[195],"thereby":[196],"removing":[197],"requirement":[199],"manual":[201],"observations.":[202],"Our":[203],"models":[204],"achieved":[205],"average":[207],"sensitivity":[208],"88.79%,":[210],"specificity":[212],"98.16%":[214],"accuracy":[216],"96.71%.":[218],"This":[219],"demonstrates":[220],"effectiveness":[222],"automatic":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
