{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367623714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092378","title":"Differential Settlement of Track Foundations Identification Based on GRU Neural Network","display_name":"Differential Settlement of Track Foundations Identification Based on GRU Neural Network","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367623714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092378"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092378","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2378/pdf?version=1683253700","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2378/pdf?version=1683253700","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085564479","display_name":"Jiqing Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8091-8270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400573310","display_name":"Hangzhou City University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wck0s05","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400573310"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiqing Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544","https://openalex.org/I4400573310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073920129","display_name":"Liang Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7039-5253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046875545","display_name":"Yuhui Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5343-8084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhui Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420145","display_name":"He Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2168-0503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"He Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100420145"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.7829,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82686049,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"9","first_page":"2378","last_page":"2378"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10842","display_name":"Railway Engineering and Dynamics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10842","display_name":"Railway Engineering and Dynamics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14446","display_name":"Civil and Geotechnical Engineering Research","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2200","display_name":"General Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/settlement","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","score":0.7795804738998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.7060932517051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","score":0.63213050365448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6232485771179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5693452954292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48996224999427795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.47186368703842163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.424294114112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25455567240715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.175663024187088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12348386645317078}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.7795804738998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.7060932517051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.63213050365448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6232485771179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5693452954292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48996224999427795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.47186368703842163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.424294114112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25455567240715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.175663024187088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12348386645317078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092378","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2378/pdf?version=1683253700","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4eff5b665536423086b291f552ce6574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4eff5b665536423086b291f552ce6574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 9, p 2378 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/9/2378/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15092378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 9; Pages: 2378","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092378","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2378/pdf?version=1683253700","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1556198615","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A20254","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1735799439","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFA0711700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G269810410","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LR20E080003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2802911279","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Young","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3142402879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51978609","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3272915774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52122801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4080921903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4634976261","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFA0711700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G543529471","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11925206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5519804720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11925206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5907791633","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52122801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7370786914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A20254","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7837623663","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51978609","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8924896055","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11925206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367623714.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1831360060","https://openalex.org/W1970302608","https://openalex.org/W1975297260","https://openalex.org/W1988103971","https://openalex.org/W1993540215","https://openalex.org/W2004353783","https://openalex.org/W2009608694","https://openalex.org/W2011689293","https://openalex.org/W2040527532","https://openalex.org/W2061645941","https://openalex.org/W2061943766","https://openalex.org/W2064546229","https://openalex.org/W2141895815","https://openalex.org/W2196417283","https://openalex.org/W2356987733","https://openalex.org/W2416560814","https://openalex.org/W2517822188","https://openalex.org/W2769367567","https://openalex.org/W2799649002","https://openalex.org/W2800354550","https://openalex.org/W2805292052","https://openalex.org/W2898861656","https://openalex.org/W2915772361","https://openalex.org/W2969806844","https://openalex.org/W3017420263","https://openalex.org/W3033615493","https://openalex.org/W3089928538","https://openalex.org/W3096691623","https://openalex.org/W3139307022","https://openalex.org/W3176574888","https://openalex.org/W3209891358","https://openalex.org/W4220864493","https://openalex.org/W4321238206","https://openalex.org/W6660221339","https://openalex.org/W6750767483","https://openalex.org/W6779686426"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381393187","https://openalex.org/W2332779545","https://openalex.org/W2361053314","https://openalex.org/W2032003212","https://openalex.org/W2351646214","https://openalex.org/W2944413892","https://openalex.org/W2362915454","https://openalex.org/W2363108820","https://openalex.org/W2365965023","https://openalex.org/W2585975880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,124,154],"timely":[1],"identification":[2,51,167],"of":[3,6,10,16,22,33,39,68,80,113,120,135,151,168,172],"differential":[4,66,95,118,131,170],"settlement":[5,67,96,119,132,171],"track":[7,23,40,69,122,136,173],"foundations":[8,70,137],"is":[9,62,83,102],"great":[11],"significance":[12],"for":[13,64,94,162],"the":[14,20,31,65,77,81,86,91,99,106,110,114,117,121,128,147,152,163,169],"safety":[15],"train":[17],"operation":[18],"and":[19,36,116,165],"maintenance":[21],"structures.":[24],"However,":[25],"traditional":[26],"monitoring":[27,38],"techniques":[28],"cannot":[29],"meet":[30],"requirements":[32],"efficient,":[34],"real-time,":[35],"automatic":[37],"foundation":[41],"settlement.":[42],"In":[43],"order":[44],"to":[45,73,104],"solve":[46],"these":[47],"problems,":[48],"a":[49,55,159],"real-time":[50,148,164],"method":[52,156],"based":[53],"on":[54],"gated":[56],"recurrent":[57],"unit":[58],"(GRU)":[59],"neural":[60,144],"network":[61,93,101,145],"proposed":[63],"monitoring.":[71],"According":[72],"parameter":[74],"sensitivity":[75],"analysis,":[76],"vertical":[78,111],"acceleration":[79,112],"vehicle":[82,115],"selected":[84],"as":[85],"known":[87],"data":[88],"fed":[89],"into":[90],"GRU":[92,100,143],"identification.":[97],"Then":[98],"employed":[103],"establish":[105],"nonlinear":[107],"relationship":[108],"between":[109],"foundation.":[123],"results":[125],"indicate":[126],"that":[127],"longitudinal":[129],"continuous":[130],"distribution":[133],"curve":[134],"could":[138],"be":[139],"accurately":[140],"identified":[141],"with":[142],"through":[146],"vibration":[149],"response":[150],"vehicle\u2013track.":[153],"current":[155],"may":[157],"provide":[158],"new":[160],"means":[161],"efficient":[166],"foundations.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2023-05-02T00:00:00"}