{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367624759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092358","title":"Applying Time-Expended Sampling to Ensemble Assimilation of Remote-Sensing Data for Short-Term Predictions of Thunderstorms","display_name":"Applying Time-Expended Sampling to Ensemble Assimilation of Remote-Sensing Data for Short-Term Predictions of Thunderstorms","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367624759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092358"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092358","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2358/pdf?version=1682759913","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2358/pdf?version=1682759913","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Huanhuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4868-7815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194601409","display_name":"Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04j91ny53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194601409"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152758","display_name":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/0424h4e32","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210152758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huanhuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA","Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194601409","https://openalex.org/I8692664"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152758","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001636438","display_name":"Jidong Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9999-5455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092927","display_name":"NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00gd1f947","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I2802992173","https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jidong Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["NOAA/OAR/National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL), Norman, OK 73072, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NOAA/OAR/National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL), Norman, OK 73072, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035361677","display_name":"Qin Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8658-9068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092927","display_name":"NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00gd1f947","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I2802992173","https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["NOAA/OAR/National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL), Norman, OK 73072, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NOAA/OAR/National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL), Norman, OK 73072, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101210827","display_name":"Lingkun Ran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152758","display_name":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/0424h4e32","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210152758"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingkun Ran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152758","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035361677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092927"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8331,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69360079,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"9","first_page":"2358","last_page":"2358"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11483","display_name":"Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-assimilation","display_name":"Data assimilation","score":0.7588210701942444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6353965401649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.6223772764205933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geostationary-orbit","display_name":"Geostationary orbit","score":0.5699048042297363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-forecasting","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","score":0.5189647078514099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.44172921776771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/storm","display_name":"Storm","score":0.4377305507659912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4055781960487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.3673551678657532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07571983337402344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24552861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177","display_name":"Data assimilation","level":2,"score":0.7588210701942444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6353965401649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.6223772764205933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16405173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192316","display_name":"Geostationary orbit","level":3,"score":0.5699048042297363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.5189647078514099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.44172921776771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105306849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81054","display_name":"Storm","level":2,"score":0.4377305507659912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4055781960487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.3673551678657532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07571983337402344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092358","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2358/pdf?version=1682759913","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:abaefc0a136b4e82a9e1cc9b2cbe3161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/abaefc0a136b4e82a9e1cc9b2cbe3161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 9, p 2358 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/9/2358/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15092358","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 9; Pages: 2358","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:noaa.stacks:noaa:50490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/50490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196172","display_name":"NOAA Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, 15(9), 2358","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15092358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092358","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/9/2358/pdf?version=1682759913","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2014289776","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N000142012449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7361527872","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42275010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8181215151","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42275010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G970491046","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N000142012449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367624759.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522265489","https://openalex.org/W1555849313","https://openalex.org/W1865701110","https://openalex.org/W1977026533","https://openalex.org/W2027588849","https://openalex.org/W2030386161","https://openalex.org/W2030774493","https://openalex.org/W2035283055","https://openalex.org/W2054425163","https://openalex.org/W2065891413","https://openalex.org/W2068575168","https://openalex.org/W2069061556","https://openalex.org/W2078690500","https://openalex.org/W2085679980","https://openalex.org/W2104484944","https://openalex.org/W2133060702","https://openalex.org/W2146979442","https://openalex.org/W2175231548","https://openalex.org/W2259421489","https://openalex.org/W2289436918","https://openalex.org/W2724645146","https://openalex.org/W2790578073","https://openalex.org/W2856778489","https://openalex.org/W2946806928","https://openalex.org/W2972659988","https://openalex.org/W2973098722","https://openalex.org/W3010366833","https://openalex.org/W4205688771","https://openalex.org/W4293731924","https://openalex.org/W4306412119","https://openalex.org/W7071527535"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023364053","https://openalex.org/W2538865650","https://openalex.org/W1965898538","https://openalex.org/W4388817768","https://openalex.org/W2070671604","https://openalex.org/W2545743843","https://openalex.org/W1988097696","https://openalex.org/W3015434310","https://openalex.org/W2423855811","https://openalex.org/W2121296646"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"By":[0],"sampling":[1,28],"perturbed":[2],"state":[3],"vectors":[4],"from":[5,23,88],"each":[6,96,161,169,173,194,208],"ensemble":[7,44,53,111,119],"forecast":[8,52,110,149],"at":[9],"additional":[10],"time":[11,21],"levels":[12],"shifted":[13],"by":[14,107,182,263],"\u00b1\u03c4":[15],"(where":[16],"\u03c4":[17,128,265],"is":[18,274],"a":[19,102],"selected":[20],"interval)":[22],"the":[24,42,51,62,75,83,91,109,117,154,158,183,187,214,218,224,232,239,248,285,291],"analysis":[25,43,118],"time,":[26],"time-expanded":[27],"(TES)":[29],"can":[30],"not":[31,254],"only":[32],"sample":[33],"timing":[34],"errors":[35],"(or":[36],"phase":[37],"errors)":[38],"but":[39,115],"also":[40],"triple":[41],"size":[45,112,120],"for":[46,68,168,207,234,278],"covariance":[47],"construction":[48],"without":[49],"increasing":[50],"size.":[54],"In":[55],"this":[56],"study,":[57],"TES":[58,98,139,220,273],"was":[59,99,150],"applied":[60,171],"to":[61,73,113,121,172,178,256],"convection-allowing":[63],"ensemble-based":[64],"warn-on-forecast":[65],"system":[66],"(WoFS),":[67],"four":[69],"severe":[70],"storm":[71],"events,":[72],"reduce":[74],"computational":[76,188],"costs":[77],"that":[78,213,230,272],"constrain":[79],"real-time":[80,280],"applications":[81,281],"in":[82,137,160,193,217,231,246,284],"assimilation":[84,159,164,286],"of":[85,241,282,287,293],"remote-sensing":[86,288],"data":[87,289],"radars":[89],"and":[90,134,144,175,204,227,238,243,251,276,290],"geostationary":[92],"satellite":[93],"GOES-16.":[94],"For":[95],"event,":[97],"implemented":[100],"against":[101,198],"36-member":[103],"control":[104],"experiment":[105,170,195],"(E36)":[106],"reducing":[108,186],"12":[114,122],"tripling":[116],"\u00d7":[123],"3":[124],"=":[125,129,266],"36":[126],"with":[127],"2.5":[130],"min,":[131],"5":[132],"min":[133,136],"7.5":[135,267],"three":[138,219],"experiments,":[140],"named":[141],"E12\u00d73\u03c42.5,":[142],"E12\u00d73\u03c45":[143],"E12\u00d73\u03c47.5,":[145],"respectively.":[146],"A":[147],"0\u20136-h":[148],"created":[151],"hourly":[152,236],"after":[153],"second":[155],"hour":[156],"during":[157],"experiment.":[162],"The":[163,190,210],"statistics":[165],"were":[166,176,196,253,260],"evaluated":[167],"event":[174],"found":[177],"be":[179],"little":[180],"affected":[181],"TES,":[184],"while":[185],"cost.":[189],"forecasts":[191,215],"produced":[192,216],"verified":[197],"multi-sensor":[199],"observed/estimated":[200],"rainfall,":[201],"reported":[202],"tornadoes":[203,242],"damaging":[205,244],"winds":[206],"event.":[209],"verifications":[211],"indicated":[212],"experiments":[221],"had":[222],"about":[223],"same":[225],"capability":[226,250],"quality":[228,252],"as":[229],"E36":[233],"predicting":[235],"rainfall":[237],"probabilities":[240],"winds;":[245],"addition,":[247],"predictive":[249],"sensitive":[255],"\u03c4,":[257],"although":[258],"they":[259],"slightly":[261],"enhanced":[262],"selecting":[264],"min.":[268],"These":[269],"results":[270],"suggest":[271],"attractive":[275],"useful":[277],"cost-saving":[279],"WoFS":[283],"generation":[292],"short-term":[294],"severe-weather":[295],"forecasts.":[296]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2023-05-02T00:00:00"}
