{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4324366446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061592","title":"Monitoring Land Use/Land Cover and Landscape Pattern Changes at a Local Scale: A Case Study of Pyongyang, North Korea","display_name":"Monitoring Land Use/Land Cover and Landscape Pattern Changes at a Local Scale: A Case Study of Pyongyang, North Korea","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4324366446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061592"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15061592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061592","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1592/pdf?version=1678864352","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1592/pdf?version=1678864352","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030630982","display_name":"Yong Piao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8605-0292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Piao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture and Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture and Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060069530","display_name":"Yi Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7995-6974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061432583","display_name":"Fengdi Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-2274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengdi Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101611876","display_name":"Sang-Jin Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4240-5682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090949","display_name":"Korea Environment Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00bxeqa64","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090949","https://openalex.org/I4210097958"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangjin Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Adaptation Center for Climate Change, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong 30147, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Adaptation Center for Climate Change, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong 30147, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090949"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100441423","display_name":"Dong Kun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7678-2203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongkun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022357694","display_name":"Yongwon Mo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9448-0591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55240360","display_name":"Yeungnam University","ror":"https://ror.org/05yc6p159","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongwon Mo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Landscape Architecture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Landscape Architecture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102410063","display_name":"Seunggyu Jeong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099654","display_name":"National Institute of Biological Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/012a41834","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099654"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seunggyu Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 222689, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 222689, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003276471","display_name":"Injae Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-1231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099654","display_name":"National Institute of Biological Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/012a41834","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099654"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Injae Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 222689, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 222689, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099654"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100461239","display_name":"Yu\u2010Jin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2562-615X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099654","display_name":"National Institute of Biological Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/012a41834","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099654"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 222689, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 222689, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099654"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022357694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55240360"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.9649,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91117594,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"1592","last_page":"1592"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13203","display_name":"Environmental Changes in China","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragmentation","display_name":"Fragmentation (computing)","score":0.696393609046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.6399551630020142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.5822272896766663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.5617433786392212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.5505268573760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5235443115234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.34794726967811584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.3239709138870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.12559714913368225}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191015642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132459","display_name":"Fragmentation (computing)","level":2,"score":0.696393609046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6399551630020142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.5822272896766663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.5617433786392212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5505268573760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5235443115234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34794726967811584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.3239709138870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.12559714913368225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15061592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061592","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1592/pdf?version=1678864352","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c214fb2de48b41998d5de9eeb761a6c8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c214fb2de48b41998d5de9eeb761a6c8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 6, p 1592 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/6/1592/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15061592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 6; Pages: 1592","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15061592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061592","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1592/pdf?version=1678864352","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G488750179","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIBR202203114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322007","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Environment"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321380","display_name":"Yeungnam University","ror":"https://ror.org/05yc6p159"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322007","display_name":"Ministry of Environment","ror":"https://ror.org/04xmt0833"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335066","display_name":"National Institute of Biological Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/012a41834"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4324366446.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536340909","https://openalex.org/W1779578809","https://openalex.org/W1967400946","https://openalex.org/W1977052288","https://openalex.org/W1981213426","https://openalex.org/W1994005321","https://openalex.org/W2001510610","https://openalex.org/W2006929658","https://openalex.org/W2025375122","https://openalex.org/W2040511722","https://openalex.org/W2042741439","https://openalex.org/W2047903528","https://openalex.org/W2066997607","https://openalex.org/W2067328286","https://openalex.org/W2077509829","https://openalex.org/W2084744129","https://openalex.org/W2095466094","https://openalex.org/W2102200338","https://openalex.org/W2117706739","https://openalex.org/W2132424470","https://openalex.org/W2136783177","https://openalex.org/W2150901923","https://openalex.org/W2157154835","https://openalex.org/W2278830514","https://openalex.org/W2343108360","https://openalex.org/W2462026177","https://openalex.org/W2526032528","https://openalex.org/W2559943547","https://openalex.org/W2581906016","https://openalex.org/W2596981200","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2733098106","https://openalex.org/W2741913715","https://openalex.org/W2742225967","https://openalex.org/W2755273945","https://openalex.org/W2898756012","https://openalex.org/W2900541403","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2922390763","https://openalex.org/W2932298758","https://openalex.org/W2946293204","https://openalex.org/W2947100484","https://openalex.org/W2997000507","https://openalex.org/W3014372673","https://openalex.org/W3023058341","https://openalex.org/W3088599918","https://openalex.org/W3126691167","https://openalex.org/W3150273748","https://openalex.org/W3196524215","https://openalex.org/W3196878686","https://openalex.org/W3210663548","https://openalex.org/W6762670612","https://openalex.org/W6763017546"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997209091","https://openalex.org/W3133615129","https://openalex.org/W2087854757","https://openalex.org/W2188959887","https://openalex.org/W2373152553","https://openalex.org/W2972049582","https://openalex.org/W4389201442","https://openalex.org/W2386169820","https://openalex.org/W604251607","https://openalex.org/W3170595163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"method":[1],"of":[2,11,67],"understanding":[3,10],"landscape":[4,22,38,87,95,125,152],"pattern":[5,23,96],"changes":[6,30,39],"is":[7],"through":[8],"an":[9,108,149],"land":[12],"use/land":[13],"cover":[14],"(LULC)":[15],"changes,":[16],"which":[17],"are":[18],"closely":[19],"related":[20],"to":[21,48,91,104,148],"changes.":[24,97],"Previous":[25],"studies":[26],"have":[27],"monitored":[28],"LULC":[29,46,53],"across":[31],"North":[32],"Korea":[33],"but":[34],"did":[35],"not":[36,132],"consider":[37],"at":[40],"a":[41,57,121],"local":[42],"scale.":[43],"Using":[44],"multiple":[45],"products":[47],"construct":[49],"sample":[50],"points,":[51],"the":[52,68,75,84,133],"was":[54,70,78,107,131],"classified":[55],"using":[56],"random-forest":[58],"algorithm":[59],"and":[60,74,93,113,124,144],"Landsat":[61],"satellite":[62],"dataset.":[63],"The":[64,98,138],"overall":[65],"accuracy":[66],"classification":[69,85],"97.66":[71],"\u00b1":[72,80],"1.36%,":[73],"Kappa":[76],"coefficient":[77],"0.95":[79],"0.03.":[81],"Based":[82],"on":[83],"results,":[86],"indices":[88],"were":[89,141],"used":[90],"quantify":[92],"monitor":[94],"results":[99],"showed":[100,120],"that,":[101],"from":[102],"2000":[103],"2020,":[105],"there":[106],"increasing":[109],"trend":[110],"in":[111,116,151,154],"built-up":[112],"forest":[114,142],"areas":[115],"Pyongyang,":[117],"while":[118],"cropland":[119,145],"decreasing":[122],"trend,":[123],"fragmentation":[126,153],"increased.":[127],"However,":[128],"urban":[129],"expansion":[130],"main":[134,139],"factor":[135],"affecting":[136],"fragmentation.":[137],"factors":[140],"recovery":[143],"reduction,":[146],"leading":[147],"increase":[150],"Pyongyang.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-12-22T23:10:17.713674","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}