{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4324157315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061580","title":"PMPF: Point-Cloud Multiple-Pixel Fusion-Based 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving","display_name":"PMPF: Point-Cloud Multiple-Pixel Fusion-Based 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4324157315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061580"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15061580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061580","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1580/pdf?version=1678844102","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1580/pdf?version=1678844102","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055047430","display_name":"Yan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7793-072X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Electronic & Information Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Electronic & Information Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037558598","display_name":"Kang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8413-123X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Electronic & Information Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Electronic & Information Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057248354","display_name":"Hong Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-1570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114234892","display_name":"Beijing Union University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hg31662","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114234892"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Robotic, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100101, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Robotic, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114234892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101707746","display_name":"Ying Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7969-5153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Electronic & Information Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Electronic & Information Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005421447","display_name":"Yi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0512-880X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Electronic & Information Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Electronic & Information Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057248354"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114234892"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.9258,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87901454,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"1580","last_page":"1580"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7862181663513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.6896930932998657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6457322835922241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6008619070053101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6005974411964417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5812482833862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5801290273666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5770904421806335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.5260919332504272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.48340335488319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4483925402164459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.44626352190971375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.44058114290237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.19253820180892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.14340519905090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.08464077115058899}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7862181663513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.6896930932998657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6457322835922241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6008619070053101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6005974411964417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5812482833862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5801290273666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5770904421806335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5260919332504272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.48340335488319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4483925402164459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.44626352190971375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.44058114290237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.19253820180892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.14340519905090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.08464077115058899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15061580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061580","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1580/pdf?version=1678844102","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8f07b690883e4647853f69e6847cc948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8f07b690883e4647853f69e6847cc948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 6, p 1580 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/6/1580/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15061580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 6; Pages: 1580","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15061580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061580","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1580/pdf?version=1678844102","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4324157315.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011430131","https://openalex.org/W2103868202","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2229637417","https://openalex.org/W2499316477","https://openalex.org/W2555618208","https://openalex.org/W2579619067","https://openalex.org/W2624503621","https://openalex.org/W2798297823","https://openalex.org/W2883223908","https://openalex.org/W2897529137","https://openalex.org/W2923578171","https://openalex.org/W2937816158","https://openalex.org/W2949708697","https://openalex.org/W2950642167","https://openalex.org/W2951517617","https://openalex.org/W2953523865","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963041685","https://openalex.org/W2963182550","https://openalex.org/W2963400571","https://openalex.org/W2963410012","https://openalex.org/W2963727135","https://openalex.org/W2964062501","https://openalex.org/W2967324759","https://openalex.org/W2968296999","https://openalex.org/W2970095196","https://openalex.org/W2981949127","https://openalex.org/W2982379822","https://openalex.org/W3004237909","https://openalex.org/W3008105217","https://openalex.org/W3010278253","https://openalex.org/W3015248322","https://openalex.org/W3035461736","https://openalex.org/W3035474772","https://openalex.org/W3108426750","https://openalex.org/W3117804044","https://openalex.org/W3130463448","https://openalex.org/W3166089996","https://openalex.org/W3169204947","https://openalex.org/W3174981916","https://openalex.org/W3176287975","https://openalex.org/W4200302557","https://openalex.org/W4220687287","https://openalex.org/W4224215350","https://openalex.org/W4249594181","https://openalex.org/W4250462903","https://openalex.org/W4303980708","https://openalex.org/W6765771010","https://openalex.org/W6772253573","https://openalex.org/W6787711174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today,":[0],"multi-sensor":[1,87],"fusion":[2,11,88],"detection":[3,89,101],"frameworks":[4],"in":[5],"autonomous":[6],"driving,":[7],"especially":[8],"sequence-based":[9],"data-level":[10],"frameworks,":[12],"face":[13],"high":[14],"latency":[15],"and":[16,19,60,123],"coupling":[17],"issues":[18],"generally":[20],"perform":[21],"worse":[22],"than":[23],"LiDAR-only":[24,78,112],"detectors.":[25,129],"On":[26],"this":[27],"basis,":[28],"we":[29],"propose":[30],"PMPF,":[31],"point-cloud":[32],"multiple-pixel":[33],"fusion,":[34],"for":[35],"3D":[36,99],"object":[37,100],"detection.":[38],"PMPF":[39,82,105],"projects":[40],"the":[41,46,50,58,63,69,97,111],"point":[42,64,71],"cloud":[43,65,72],"data":[44,73],"onto":[45],"image":[47],"plane,":[48],"where":[49],"region":[51],"pixels":[52],"are":[53],"processed":[54],"to":[55,62,77],"correspond":[56],"with":[57,80,91],"points":[59],"decorated":[61],"data,":[66],"such":[67],"that":[68,104],"fused":[70],"can":[74],"be":[75],"applied":[76],"detectors":[79],"autoencoders.":[81],"is":[83],"a":[84],"plug-and-play,":[85],"decoupled":[86],"framework":[90],"low":[92],"latency.":[93],"Extensive":[94],"experiments":[95],"on":[96],"KITTI":[98],"benchmark":[102],"show":[103],"vastly":[106],"improves":[107],"upon":[108],"most":[109],"of":[110],"detectors,":[113,122],"e.g.,":[114],"PointPillars,":[115],"SECOND,":[116],"CIA-SSD,":[117],"SE-SSD":[118],"four":[119],"state-of-the-art":[120],"one-stage":[121],"PointRCNN,":[124],"PV-RCNN,":[125],"Part-A2":[126],"three":[127],"two-stage":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2023-03-15T00:00:00"}