{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321243211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041089","title":"Study on Ship Kelvin Wake Detection in Numerically Simulated SAR Images","display_name":"Study on Ship Kelvin Wake Detection in Numerically Simulated SAR Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321243211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041089"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15041089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1089/pdf?version=1676545871","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1089/pdf?version=1676545871","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100426853","display_name":"Jingjing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8490-8435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009314993","display_name":"Lixin Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3854-206X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixin Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048899906","display_name":"Yiwen Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8216-6156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiwen Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046485951","display_name":"Shui\u2010Rong Chai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuirong Chai","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048899906"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.026,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93648832,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"1089","last_page":"1089"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10647","display_name":"Coastal and Marine Dynamics","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wake","display_name":"Wake","score":0.8988250494003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.4863508343696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4352504312992096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.43042391538619995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.41792207956314087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40702173113822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.38195928931236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.37141379714012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3239040970802307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3083358407020569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.18757686018943787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48939323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294879","display_name":"Wake","level":2,"score":0.8988250494003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.4863508343696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4352504312992096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.43042391538619995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.41792207956314087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40702173113822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.38195928931236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.37141379714012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3239040970802307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3083358407020569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.18757686018943787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15041089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1089/pdf?version=1676545871","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e2338f1599dd48e4ae8e2a4cf31fc31c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e2338f1599dd48e4ae8e2a4cf31fc31c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 4, p 1089 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/4/1089/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15041089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15041089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1089/pdf?version=1676545871","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1725003993","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61621005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3422251984","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61971338","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G359258897","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61621005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4180445410","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61971338","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4681284285","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20457","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G487583244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62231021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5375803870","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023-JC-YB-537","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5381984581","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871457","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G542409138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20457","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5865603575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023-JC-YB-537","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5902436514","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871457","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8086967280","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62231021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321243211.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1600930096","https://openalex.org/W1774192637","https://openalex.org/W1916144129","https://openalex.org/W1964967908","https://openalex.org/W1987850718","https://openalex.org/W1994022528","https://openalex.org/W2005169103","https://openalex.org/W2018058208","https://openalex.org/W2020880265","https://openalex.org/W2021261131","https://openalex.org/W2033297583","https://openalex.org/W2040752638","https://openalex.org/W2078414346","https://openalex.org/W2078545948","https://openalex.org/W2080337061","https://openalex.org/W2097680906","https://openalex.org/W2100807107","https://openalex.org/W2115247187","https://openalex.org/W2149609057","https://openalex.org/W2157422502","https://openalex.org/W2165435546","https://openalex.org/W2482382523","https://openalex.org/W2772666665","https://openalex.org/W2803028983","https://openalex.org/W2890886366","https://openalex.org/W2987692455","https://openalex.org/W3012021689","https://openalex.org/W3023956684","https://openalex.org/W3083673378","https://openalex.org/W3104630443","https://openalex.org/W3111680625","https://openalex.org/W4200553558"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2757285599","https://openalex.org/W2376025146","https://openalex.org/W161151693","https://openalex.org/W2955635855","https://openalex.org/W3195741387","https://openalex.org/W2883444180","https://openalex.org/W4381570180","https://openalex.org/W4324257240","https://openalex.org/W2379898265","https://openalex.org/W2783220177"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"improve":[1],"ship":[2,6,22,45,133,142,165,173],"safety":[3],"and":[4,24,125,135,169],"increase":[5],"concealment,":[7],"we":[8],"introduce":[9],"a":[10,14,121],"nonconvex":[11],"regularization":[12],"with":[13,120],"Cauchy-based":[15],"penalty":[16],"for":[17],"discussing":[18],"the":[19,33,41,49,53,59,65,69,75,81,88,93,97,103,130,139,162,170],"influence":[20,131],"of":[21,44,52,132,141,159,164,172],"parameters":[23,134],"speckle":[25,136],"noise":[26,137],"in":[27,84,92,117,144],"numerically":[28,145],"simulated":[29,146],"SAR":[30,85,147],"images.":[31,86],"First,":[32],"Kelvin":[34,54,82,111],"wake":[35,55,83,89,143,166],"geometry":[36],"was":[37,56,90,149],"modeled":[38],"based":[39,101,127],"on":[40,102,128,138],"classic":[42],"theory":[43],"wave":[46],"generation.":[47],"Second,":[48],"scattering":[50,70],"echo":[51,71],"calculated":[57],"using":[58,64,96],"two-scale":[60],"method":[61],"(TSM).":[62],"Then,":[63],"range-Doppler":[66],"algorithm":[67],"(RDA),":[68],"data":[72],"obtained":[73],"by":[74],"TSM":[76],"were":[77,113],"processed":[78],"to":[79,161],"obtain":[80],"Finally,":[87],"reconstructed":[91],"Radon":[94],"domain":[95],"Cauchy":[98],"proximal":[99],"splitting":[100],"forward\u2013backward":[104],"algorithm.":[105],"The":[106,155],"simulation":[107],"results":[108],"showed":[109],"that":[110],"wakes":[112],"more":[114],"easily":[115],"detected":[116],"HH":[118],"polarization":[119],"large":[122],"pitch":[123],"angle":[124],"X-band,":[126],"which":[129],"detection":[140],"images":[148],"discussed":[150],"at":[151],"different":[152],"wind":[153],"speeds.":[154],"research":[156],"conclusions":[157],"are":[158],"value":[160],"development":[163],"stealth":[167],"technology":[168],"improvement":[171],"safety.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}