{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319298504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15040880","title":"Representing Spatial Data with Graph Contrastive Learning","display_name":"Representing Spatial Data with Graph Contrastive Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319298504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15040880"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15040880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15040880","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/880/pdf?version=1676613498","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/880/pdf?version=1676613498","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013213053","display_name":"Lanting Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1374-395X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lanting Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China","School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033679366","display_name":"Ze Kou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3556-8240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ze Kou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101639853","display_name":"Yulian Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1828-8829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulian Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100654634","display_name":"Tao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8608-9776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China","School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100654634"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350","https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.5145,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69368291,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"880","last_page":"880"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9678999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.9142293334007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7932827472686768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centrality","display_name":"Centrality","score":0.6555005311965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.6502087116241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.5751299262046814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4310176372528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","score":0.4264274835586548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41139906644821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39296817779541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.26185929775238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10128742456436157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.10016694664955139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0843493640422821}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.9142293334007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7932827472686768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53811970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062194","display_name":"Centrality","level":2,"score":0.6555005311965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.6502087116241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.5751299262046814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4310176372528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.4264274835586548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41139906644821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39296817779541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.26185929775238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10128742456436157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.10016694664955139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0843493640422821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15040880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15040880","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/880/pdf?version=1676613498","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:20ff89b3267b4b4f8ddd429c99a45ccf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/20ff89b3267b4b4f8ddd429c99a45ccf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 4, p 880 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/4/880/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15040880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15040880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15040880","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/880/pdf?version=1676613498","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1012762614","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61906039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2296518879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Youth Scholar Program of SEU","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324856","funder_display_name":"Southeast University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2376276132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2441157520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2242022k30007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3085993365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5249178904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No. 6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726157001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8774926108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"242022k30007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8951484681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324856","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319298504.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008857988","https://openalex.org/W2025844353","https://openalex.org/W2056562706","https://openalex.org/W2092750499","https://openalex.org/W2110953678","https://openalex.org/W2113330929","https://openalex.org/W2142498761","https://openalex.org/W2153959628","https://openalex.org/W2154851992","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2250457198","https://openalex.org/W2286109277","https://openalex.org/W2431495623","https://openalex.org/W2624431344","https://openalex.org/W2911286998","https://openalex.org/W2912655655","https://openalex.org/W2962756421","https://openalex.org/W2990668210","https://openalex.org/W3023770275","https://openalex.org/W3034693603","https://openalex.org/W3039075121","https://openalex.org/W3092530991","https://openalex.org/W3095602948","https://openalex.org/W3095746859","https://openalex.org/W3100993589","https://openalex.org/W3102423243","https://openalex.org/W3104097132","https://openalex.org/W3107194210","https://openalex.org/W3114928288","https://openalex.org/W3116116041","https://openalex.org/W3136205675","https://openalex.org/W3140487914","https://openalex.org/W3154503084","https://openalex.org/W3168925038","https://openalex.org/W3201125152","https://openalex.org/W4285205054","https://openalex.org/W4285215208","https://openalex.org/W4286910387","https://openalex.org/W6681029592","https://openalex.org/W6682839888","https://openalex.org/W6770531946","https://openalex.org/W6784694379","https://openalex.org/W6790763814"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229078645","https://openalex.org/W1977345676","https://openalex.org/W4282032776","https://openalex.org/W2047552823","https://openalex.org/W4321606905","https://openalex.org/W3130445735","https://openalex.org/W2105110616","https://openalex.org/W2747930654","https://openalex.org/W2739658809","https://openalex.org/W2625994249"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large-scale":[0],"geospatial":[1,7,37,53,78,132],"data":[2,101],"pave":[3],"the":[4,19,48,60,73,77,82,106,121,142],"way":[5],"for":[6,36],"machine":[8,20],"learning":[9,21,56],"algorithms,":[10],"and":[11,50,98,124,134],"a":[12,28,44,52,66,92,111],"good":[13],"representation":[14,35],"is":[15,23,27],"related":[16],"to":[17,31,58,71,80,116,139],"whether":[18],"model":[22],"effective.":[24],"Hence,":[25],"it":[26],"critical":[29],"task":[30],"learn":[32,59],"effective":[33],"feature":[34],"data.":[38],"In":[39],"this":[40],"paper,":[41],"we":[42,64,90,109],"construct":[43],"spatial":[45],"graph":[46,54,68,79,113],"from":[47,119],"locations":[49],"propose":[51,65,99,110],"contrastive":[55],"method":[57,144],"location":[61],"representations.":[62],"Firstly,":[63],"skeleton":[67],"in":[69],"order":[70],"preserve":[72],"primary":[74],"structure":[75],"of":[76,86],"solve":[81],"positioning":[83],"bias":[84],"problem":[85],"remote":[87],"sensing.":[88],"Then,":[89],"define":[91],"novel":[93],"mixed":[94],"node":[95],"centrality":[96],"measure":[97],"four":[100],"augmentation":[102],"methods":[103],"based":[104],"on":[105,130],"measure.":[107],"Finally,":[108],"heterogeneous":[112],"attention":[114],"network":[115],"aggregate":[117],"information":[118],"both":[120,131],"structural":[122],"neighborhood":[123,126],"semantic":[125],"separately.":[127],"Extensive":[128],"experiments":[129],"datasets":[133,136],"non-geospatial":[135],"are":[137],"conducted":[138],"illustrate":[140],"that":[141],"proposed":[143],"outperforms":[145],"state-of-the-art":[146],"baselines.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}