{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313558738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020316","title":"Tri-CNN: A Three Branch Model for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"Tri-CNN: A Three Branch Model for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313558738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020316","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/316/pdf?version=1672910135","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/316/pdf?version=1672910135","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060659198","display_name":"Mohammed Q. Alkhatib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4812-614X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Q. Alkhatib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collage of Engineering and IT, University of Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 14143, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collage of Engineering and IT, University of Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 14143, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026377367","display_name":"Mina Al-Saad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0393-1700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mina Al-Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collage of Engineering and IT, University of Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 14143, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collage of Engineering and IT, University of Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 14143, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029163925","display_name":"Nour Aburaed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5906-0249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["AE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nour Aburaed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collage of Engineering and IT, University of Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 14143, United Arab Emirates","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collage of Engineering and IT, University of Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 14143, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021086706","display_name":"Saeed Al Mansoori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-2809"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Almansoori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Center, Dubai P.O. Box 211833, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Center, Dubai P.O. Box 211833, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043785449","display_name":"Jaime Zabalza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0634-1725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaime Zabalza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082466450","display_name":"Stephen Marshall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7079-5628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Marshall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013850016","display_name":"Hussain Al-Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5781-5476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussain Al-Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collage of Engineering and IT, University of Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 14143, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collage of Engineering and IT, University of Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 14143, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060659198"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":16.1579,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":102,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99321267,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"316","last_page":"316"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/softmax-function","display_name":"Softmax function","score":0.9222040176391602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7721152901649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7551971673965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.7333737015724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7331250905990601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7045451998710632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4817202687263489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traverse","display_name":"Traverse","score":0.4794710874557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4740164875984192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41047587990760803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.06271117925643921}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.9222040176391602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7721152901649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7551971673965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.7333737015724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7331250905990601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7045451998710632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4817202687263489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176809094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15401496","display_name":"Traverse","level":2,"score":0.4794710874557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4740164875984192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41047587990760803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.06271117925643921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020316","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/316/pdf?version=1672910135","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:83675","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/1297038.html>","pdf_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/83675/1/Alkhatib_etal_RS_2023_Tri_CNN_a_three_branch_model_for_hyperspectral_image.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2455a377eb1f40a386ca36b36d9a74f3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2455a377eb1f40a386ca36b36d9a74f3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 2, p 316 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/2/316/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 2; Pages: 316","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020316","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/316/pdf?version=1672910135","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313558738.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977949977","https://openalex.org/W1992961908","https://openalex.org/W2050497921","https://openalex.org/W2121338139","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2139299826","https://openalex.org/W2499682827","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2609880332","https://openalex.org/W2765366036","https://openalex.org/W2766146978","https://openalex.org/W2772452219","https://openalex.org/W2782517596","https://openalex.org/W2791006446","https://openalex.org/W2800371750","https://openalex.org/W2808098982","https://openalex.org/W2890670700","https://openalex.org/W2914331134","https://openalex.org/W2936517889","https://openalex.org/W2941387379","https://openalex.org/W2942454403","https://openalex.org/W2961290969","https://openalex.org/W2975144662","https://openalex.org/W2983277052","https://openalex.org/W2992919850","https://openalex.org/W3003717368","https://openalex.org/W3008774450","https://openalex.org/W3009887759","https://openalex.org/W3013953267","https://openalex.org/W3022592629","https://openalex.org/W3037490781","https://openalex.org/W3037874508","https://openalex.org/W3049736620","https://openalex.org/W3075397214","https://openalex.org/W3097590716","https://openalex.org/W3105357426","https://openalex.org/W3116511560","https://openalex.org/W3132524115","https://openalex.org/W3133411644","https://openalex.org/W3139745482","https://openalex.org/W3156646782","https://openalex.org/W3184654054","https://openalex.org/W4220805125","https://openalex.org/W4221136930","https://openalex.org/W4224981559","https://openalex.org/W4229066610","https://openalex.org/W4237591687","https://openalex.org/W4240485910","https://openalex.org/W4285169977","https://openalex.org/W4285303509","https://openalex.org/W4285803842","https://openalex.org/W4291366441","https://openalex.org/W4293099986","https://openalex.org/W6680366503","https://openalex.org/W6750035952","https://openalex.org/W6777324705","https://openalex.org/W6839327596","https://openalex.org/W6839363971"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2377402383","https://openalex.org/W2380835401","https://openalex.org/W2381912691","https://openalex.org/W2350381577","https://openalex.org/W2353618196","https://openalex.org/W2348074676","https://openalex.org/W2385033175","https://openalex.org/W2374043190","https://openalex.org/W2899027234","https://openalex.org/W2997424368"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hyperspectral":[0],"Image":[1],"(HSI)":[2],"classification":[3,46,102,139],"methods":[4],"that":[5,178],"use":[6,60],"Deep":[7],"Learning":[8],"(DL)":[9],"have":[10,24],"proven":[11],"to":[12,44,87,94],"be":[13],"effective":[14],"in":[15,29,185],"recent":[16],"years.":[17],"In":[18,92],"particular,":[19],"Convolutional":[20],"Neural":[21],"Networks":[22],"(CNNs)":[23],"demonstrated":[25],"extremely":[26],"powerful":[27],"performance":[28,184],"such":[30],"tasks.":[31],"However,":[32],"the":[33,41,52,74,80,138,141,188],"lack":[34],"of":[35,40,55,82,90,148,187],"training":[36],"samples":[37],"is":[38,107],"one":[39],"main":[42],"contributors":[43],"low":[45],"performance.":[47],"Traditional":[48],"CNN-based":[49],"techniques":[50],"under-utilize":[51],"inter-band":[53],"correlations":[54],"HSI":[56,101,120],"because":[57],"they":[58],"primarily":[59],"2D-CNNs":[61],"for":[62],"feature":[63,115],"extraction.":[64],"Contrariwise,":[65],"3D-CNNs":[66],"extract":[67,119],"both":[68],"spectral":[69],"and":[70,113,134,152,170,195],"spatial":[71],"information":[72],"using":[73,122],"same":[75],"operation.":[76],"While":[77],"this":[78,96],"overcomes":[79],"limitation":[81],"2D-CNNs,":[83],"it":[84],"may":[85],"lead":[86],"insufficient":[88],"extraction":[89],"features.":[91],"order":[93],"overcome":[95],"issue,":[97],"we":[98],"propose":[99],"an":[100],"approach":[103],"named":[104],"Tri-CNN":[105],"which":[106],"based":[108],"on":[109,161],"a":[110,146,154],"multi-scale":[111],"3D-CNN":[112,123],"three-branch":[114],"fusion.":[116],"We":[117],"first":[118],"features":[121,130,143],"at":[124],"various":[125],"scales.":[126],"The":[127],"three":[128,162],"different":[129],"are":[131,159],"then":[132,144],"flattened":[133],"concatenated.":[135],"To":[136],"obtain":[137],"results,":[140],"fused":[142],"traverse":[145],"number":[147],"fully":[149],"connected":[150],"layers":[151],"eventually":[153],"softmax":[155],"layer.":[156],"Experimental":[157],"results":[158,176],"conducted":[160],"datasets,":[163,173],"Pavia":[164],"University":[165],"(PU),":[166],"Salinas":[167],"scene":[168],"(SA)":[169],"GulfPort":[171],"(GP)":[172],"respectively.":[174],"Classification":[175],"indicate":[177],"our":[179],"proposed":[180],"methodology":[181],"shows":[182],"remarkable":[183],"terms":[186],"Overall":[189],"Accuracy":[190,193],"(OA),":[191],"Average":[192],"(AA),":[194],"Kappa":[196],"metrics":[197],"when":[198],"compared":[199],"against":[200],"existing":[201],"methods.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}