{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307303172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215371","title":"Investigation of Precise Single-Frequency Time and Frequency Transfer with Galileo E1/E5a/E5b/E5/E6 Observations","display_name":"Investigation of Precise Single-Frequency Time and Frequency Transfer with Galileo E1/E5a/E5b/E5/E6 Observations","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307303172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14215371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215371","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5371/pdf?version=1667804697","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5371/pdf?version=1667804697","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022284090","display_name":"Wei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1645-6937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1645-6937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101621541","display_name":"Chao Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2365-3122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210069, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210069, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101409998","display_name":"Jian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1225-9928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184681353","display_name":"Anhui University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q9atg80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184681353"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184681353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022284090"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.5467,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92256852,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"21","first_page":"5371","last_page":"5371"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galileo","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","score":0.7513256072998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-transfer","display_name":"Time transfer","score":0.7245157957077026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.610957682132721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.5146235227584839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.4902499318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.4853276312351227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.39151522517204285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3579869270324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.34165138006210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3300689458847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22510340809822083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.19952711462974548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.16824814677238464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.09240904450416565}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.7513256072998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127568405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805271","display_name":"Time transfer","level":3,"score":0.7245157957077026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.610957682132721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.5146235227584839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.4902499318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.4853276312351227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.39151522517204285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3579869270324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34165138006210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3300689458847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22510340809822083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19952711462974548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.16824814677238464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.09240904450416565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14215371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215371","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5371/pdf?version=1667804697","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ebe858f63bf14187820efcae70750b0b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ebe858f63bf14187820efcae70750b0b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 21, p 5371 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/21/5371/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 21; Pages: 5371","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14215371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215371","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5371/pdf?version=1667804697","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2073135226","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42030105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6434639017","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KJ2021A0443","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7146893070","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2108085QD171","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8644014506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KSXTJC202006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307303172.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307303172.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545923740","https://openalex.org/W1969969354","https://openalex.org/W2041706999","https://openalex.org/W2045309674","https://openalex.org/W2079303314","https://openalex.org/W2105418499","https://openalex.org/W2109409414","https://openalex.org/W2114500068","https://openalex.org/W2121197692","https://openalex.org/W2134691634","https://openalex.org/W2148255198","https://openalex.org/W2153105094","https://openalex.org/W2168542621","https://openalex.org/W2402730297","https://openalex.org/W2621991656","https://openalex.org/W2738088880","https://openalex.org/W2764161245","https://openalex.org/W2782631487","https://openalex.org/W2795051082","https://openalex.org/W2803438202","https://openalex.org/W2888178970","https://openalex.org/W2900721113","https://openalex.org/W2903947834","https://openalex.org/W2904033210","https://openalex.org/W2919201424","https://openalex.org/W2947670452","https://openalex.org/W2951046589","https://openalex.org/W2955726047","https://openalex.org/W2983017880","https://openalex.org/W2995442655","https://openalex.org/W2999764109","https://openalex.org/W3003033525","https://openalex.org/W3003263134","https://openalex.org/W3005503010","https://openalex.org/W3030176708","https://openalex.org/W3033223153","https://openalex.org/W3047470666","https://openalex.org/W3087327077","https://openalex.org/W3129081710","https://openalex.org/W3133898506","https://openalex.org/W3134854695","https://openalex.org/W3143407662","https://openalex.org/W3152625022","https://openalex.org/W3154405050","https://openalex.org/W3178998033","https://openalex.org/W3190112112","https://openalex.org/W3202218627","https://openalex.org/W3208696716","https://openalex.org/W4214744310","https://openalex.org/W4281701067","https://openalex.org/W6675448856","https://openalex.org/W6678112369","https://openalex.org/W6754077899"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2902549258","https://openalex.org/W2968867052","https://openalex.org/W4220774937","https://openalex.org/W4306248906","https://openalex.org/W282638860","https://openalex.org/W4385199229","https://openalex.org/W4251013720","https://openalex.org/W4306291904","https://openalex.org/W4251845884","https://openalex.org/W3206199341"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,14,32,42,51,77,81,86,131,148,179,185,194,200,220,242,251,259,262,267,278,286],"rapid":[2],"upgrade":[3],"of":[4,45,53,137,145,151,182,191,261,269],"global":[5],"navigation":[6],"satellite":[7],"system":[8],"(GNSS)":[9],"single-frequency":[10],"(SF)":[11],"receivers":[12],"and":[13,34,58,72,85,96,106,133,139,147,153,160,167,189,207,219,226,266,281,285],"increasing":[15],"market":[16],"demand":[17],"for":[18,50],"low-cost":[19],"hardware,":[20],"SF":[21,54,69,93,157,206,225,239,264,273],"precise":[22],"point":[23],"positioning":[24],"(PPP)":[25],"technology":[26],"has":[27,241],"been":[28],"widely":[29],"applied":[30],"in":[31,56,202,216,234],"time":[33,57,71,95,132,159,280],"frequency":[35,59,73,97,134,180,203,221,248,253,282],"field.":[36],"The":[37,127],"five-frequency":[38],"signals":[39,169],"provided":[40],"by":[41],"whole":[43],"constellation":[44],"Galileo":[46,101,270,291],"bring":[47],"more":[48,295],"opportunities":[49],"application":[52],"PPP":[55,70,94,158,210,228,240,247,274],"transfer.":[60],"In":[61,198],"this":[62],"contribution,":[63],"using":[64,112],"Galileo\u2019s":[65],"multi-frequency":[66,108,271],"observations,":[67,272],"three":[68],"transfer":[74,98,135,161,283],"models,":[75],"i.e.,":[76],"un-combined":[78],"(UC)":[79],"model,":[80,84],"ionosphere-free-half":[82],"(IFH)":[83],"ionosphere-weighted":[87],"constraints":[88],"(IWCs)":[89],"model":[90,288],"are":[91],"established.":[92],"performance":[99,136,162],"with":[100,120,163,173,213],"E1,":[102],"E5a,":[103,165],"E5b,":[104,166],"E5,":[105,164],"E6":[107,168,192],"observations":[109,293],"is":[110,141,155,170,294],"evaluated":[111],"four":[113],"links":[114],"(947.7":[115],"km":[116],"to":[117,244],"1331.6":[118],"km)":[119],"five":[121],"external":[122],"high-precision":[123],"atomic":[124],"clocks":[125],"stations.":[126],"results":[128],"show":[129],"that":[130,144,190,238],"SF-UC":[138,152],"SF-IWC":[140,154,287],"better":[142],"than":[143],"SF-IFH,":[146],"timing":[149],"accuracy":[150],"similar.":[156],"improved":[171],"compared":[172],"traditional":[174],"E1":[175],"signal.":[176],"Among":[177],"them,":[178],"stability":[181,204,222],"E5":[183,292],"improves":[184,193],"most":[186],"(about":[187,196],"58%),":[188],"least":[195],"14%).":[197],"addition,":[199],"difference":[201,223],"between":[205,224],"double-frequency":[208],"(DF)":[209],"decreases":[211],"gradually":[212],"an":[214],"increase":[215],"average":[217],"time,":[218],"DF":[227,246],"can":[229,275],"reach":[230],"2":[231],"\u00d7":[232],"10\u221216":[233],"120,000":[235],"s,":[236],"indicating":[237],"potential":[243],"achieve":[245],"stability.":[249],"Considering":[250],"possible":[252],"data":[254],"loss":[255],"during":[256],"actual":[257],"observation,":[258],"cost":[260],"GNSS":[263],"receiver,":[265],"advantages":[268],"also":[276],"meet":[277],"long-time":[279],"requirements,":[284],"based":[289],"on":[290],"recommended.":[296]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2022-10-31T00:00:00"}