{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307266425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205262","title":"Downscaling SMAP Brightness Temperatures to 3 km Using CYGNSS Reflectivity Observations: Factors That Affect Spatial Heterogeneity","display_name":"Downscaling SMAP Brightness Temperatures to 3 km Using CYGNSS Reflectivity Observations: Factors That Affect Spatial Heterogeneity","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307266425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205262"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14205262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205262","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5262/pdf?version=1666342875","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5262/pdf?version=1666342875","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076454054","display_name":"Liza J. Wernicke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0573-8325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liza J. Wernicke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009777851","display_name":"Clara Chew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6979-4396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799356940","display_name":"University Corporation for Atmospheric Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04zhhyn23","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799356940"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clara C. Chew","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799356940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077647456","display_name":"Eric E. Small","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5010-4954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric E. Small","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077050845","display_name":"Narendra N. Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1634-3879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Narendra N. Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering and the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering and the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076454054"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.6912,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64432701,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"20","first_page":"5262","last_page":"5262"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7317262887954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downscaling","display_name":"Downscaling","score":0.6316149234771729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5217472314834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.39382296800613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.3436434864997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.31091031432151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.2453402578830719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.14388856291770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11721763014793396}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7317262887954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41156917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682831","display_name":"Downscaling","level":3,"score":0.6316149234771729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5217472314834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.39382296800613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3436434864997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.31091031432151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.2453402578830719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.14388856291770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11721763014793396}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14205262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205262","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5262/pdf?version=1666342875","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cuscholar:j6731563k","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholar.colorado.edu/concern/articles/j6731563k","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401957","display_name":"CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","host_organization_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d7a8ffba229b429d8543f5a810408fa5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d7a8ffba229b429d8543f5a810408fa5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 20, p 5262 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/20/5262/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 20; Pages: 5262","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14205262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205262","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5262/pdf?version=1666342875","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307266425.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307266425.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550957224","https://openalex.org/W1984670836","https://openalex.org/W2141219203","https://openalex.org/W2144137496","https://openalex.org/W2560167313","https://openalex.org/W2612193913","https://openalex.org/W2762180336","https://openalex.org/W2801864473","https://openalex.org/W2802220396","https://openalex.org/W2807220393","https://openalex.org/W2912094294","https://openalex.org/W2916909768","https://openalex.org/W2972262484","https://openalex.org/W2978354175","https://openalex.org/W3007047448","https://openalex.org/W3024756036","https://openalex.org/W3080944380","https://openalex.org/W3096184163","https://openalex.org/W3121063535","https://openalex.org/W3174342395","https://openalex.org/W3204090411","https://openalex.org/W6801543248","https://openalex.org/W7071869634"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2394436593","https://openalex.org/W3013458534","https://openalex.org/W3010558748","https://openalex.org/W2526815458","https://openalex.org/W4220911053","https://openalex.org/W2380042710","https://openalex.org/W2944582722","https://openalex.org/W4377833746"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"NASA\u2019s":[0],"Soil":[1],"Moisture":[2],"Active":[3],"Passive":[4],"(SMAP)":[5],"mission":[6],"only":[7],"retrieved":[8],"~2.5":[9],"months":[10],"of":[11,29,44,72,82,121,160],"3":[12,37,47,163,185,198],"km":[13,38,48,164,173,186,191,199],"near":[14],"surface":[15,132],"soil":[16],"moisture":[17],"(NSSM)":[18],"before":[19],"its":[20,148],"radar":[21],"transmitter":[22],"malfunctioned.":[23],"NSSM":[24,39,49,204,234],"remains":[25],"an":[26,53],"important":[27],"area":[28],"study,":[30],"and":[31,134,147,150,189,221,243,257,259,263],"multiple":[32],"applications":[33],"would":[34],"benefit":[35],"from":[36],"data.":[40,69],"With":[41],"the":[42,79,117,122,142,153,157,207],"goal":[43],"creating":[45],"a":[46,85,103],"product,":[50],"we":[51,140,151],"developed":[52],"algorithm":[54,99,146],"to":[55,77],"downscale":[56],"SMAP":[57,74,127,174,192],"brightness":[58],"temperatures":[59],"(TBs)":[60],"using":[61],"Cyclone":[62],"Global":[63],"Navigation":[64],"Satellite":[65],"System":[66],"(CYGNSS)":[67],"reflectivity":[68],"The":[70,177],"purpose":[71],"downscaling":[73,98,145],"TB":[75,83,97,108,144],"is":[76,116,194],"represent":[78],"spatial":[80,158,216],"heterogeneity":[81,217],"at":[84],"finer":[86],"scale":[87],"than":[88,171],"possible":[89],"via":[90],"passive":[91],"microwave":[92],"data":[93],"alone.":[94],"Our":[95],"SMAP/CYGNSS":[96,143,161,165,187,200,219],"uses":[100],"\u03b2":[101,115,212,251],"as":[102],"scaling":[104],"factor":[105],"that":[106,155],"adjusts":[107],"based":[109],"on":[110,206],"variations":[111],"in":[112,218,225,255,261],"CYGNSS":[113,135],"reflectivity.":[114,136],"spatially":[118,169],"varying":[119],"slope":[120],"negative":[123],"linear":[124],"relationship":[125],"between":[126,184],"emissivity":[128],"(TB":[129],"divided":[130],"by":[131],"temperature)":[133],"In":[137],"this":[138],"paper,":[139],"describe":[141],"uncertainties":[149],"analyze":[152],"factors":[154],"affect":[156],"patterns":[159,205],"\u03b2.":[162],"TBs":[166,188,193,201,220],"are":[167,222,253],"more":[168],"heterogeneous":[170],"9":[172,190],"enhanced":[175],"TBs.":[176],"median":[178],"root":[179],"mean":[180,238,245],"square":[181],"difference":[182],"(RMSD)":[183],"3.03":[195],"K.":[196],"Additionally,":[197],"capture":[202],"expected":[203],"landscape.":[208],"Lower":[209],"(more":[210],"negative)":[211],"values":[213,252],"yield":[214],"greater":[215],"generally":[223],"found":[224],"areas":[226],"with":[227],"low":[228],"topographic":[229],"roughness":[230],"(&lt;350":[231],"m),":[232,242],"moderate":[233,244],"variance":[235],"(~0.01\u20130.0325),":[236],"low-to-moderate":[237],"annual":[239],"precipitation":[240],"(~0.25\u20131.5":[241],"Normalized":[246],"Difference":[247],"Vegetation":[248],"Indices":[249],"(~0.2\u20130.6).":[250],"lowest":[254],"croplands":[256],"grasslands":[258],"highest":[260],"forested":[262],"barren":[264],"lands.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2022-10-31T00:00:00"}
