{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4306398745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205168","title":"Energy-Based Adversarial Example Detection for SAR Images","display_name":"Energy-Based Adversarial Example Detection for SAR Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4306398745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205168"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14205168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205168","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5168/pdf?version=1666671089","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5168/pdf?version=1666671089","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100347601","display_name":"Zhiwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4766-6198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Comprehensive Situational Awareness Group of IntelliSense Lab, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comprehensive Situational Awareness Group of IntelliSense Lab, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100620843","display_name":"Xunzhang Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5875-2721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xunzhang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Comprehensive Situational Awareness Group of IntelliSense Lab, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comprehensive Situational Awareness Group of IntelliSense Lab, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076077485","display_name":"Shuowei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1740-8865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuowei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Comprehensive Situational Awareness Group of IntelliSense Lab, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comprehensive Situational Awareness Group of IntelliSense Lab, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047258449","display_name":"Bowen Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6793-5025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Comprehensive Situational Awareness Group of IntelliSense Lab, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comprehensive Situational Awareness Group of IntelliSense Lab, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374827","display_name":"Yufei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4822-3209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environmental Effects on Electronics and Information System, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environmental Effects on Electronics and Information System, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100347601"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8327,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78003691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"20","first_page":"5168","last_page":"5168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.980400025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8241851329803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7613389492034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.697577714920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.569508969783783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5645437240600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perturbation","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","score":0.4800221025943756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.43735480308532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.366269588470459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08128622174263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07629281282424927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8241851329803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7613389492034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.697577714920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.569508969783783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5645437240600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177918212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803623","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.4800221025943756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.43735480308532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.366269588470459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08128622174263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07629281282424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14205168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205168","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5168/pdf?version=1666671089","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e60dbf159b2f4263bbdd9d787c917a20","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e60dbf159b2f4263bbdd9d787c917a20","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 20, p 5168 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/20/5168/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 20; Pages: 5168","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14205168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205168","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5168/pdf?version=1666671089","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1023919524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G37568934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5979008009","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61921001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306398745.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306398745.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111847198","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2286052686","https://openalex.org/W2542898981","https://openalex.org/W2783692467","https://openalex.org/W2867167548","https://openalex.org/W2913266441","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W3013256492","https://openalex.org/W3092527263","https://openalex.org/W3100144085","https://openalex.org/W3127159478","https://openalex.org/W3128390792","https://openalex.org/W3128476715","https://openalex.org/W3185031484","https://openalex.org/W3206814941","https://openalex.org/W3207962952","https://openalex.org/W3209551844","https://openalex.org/W4205640875","https://openalex.org/W4283593145","https://openalex.org/W4285295676","https://openalex.org/W6719080892","https://openalex.org/W6761100157","https://openalex.org/W6784323503","https://openalex.org/W6799337647"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279","https://openalex.org/W4288019534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Adversarial":[0],"examples":[1],"(AEs)":[2],"bring":[3],"increasing":[4],"concern":[5],"on":[6],"the":[7,24,27,33,37,70,74,95,98,122,133,139,144],"security":[8],"of":[9,26,76,97],"deep-learning-based":[10],"synthetic":[11],"aperture":[12],"radar":[13],"(SAR)":[14],"target":[15,28],"recognition":[16],"systems.":[17],"SAR":[18,52,63,86,148],"AEs":[19,53,64,87,149],"with":[20,54,69,150],"perturbation":[21,99],"constrained":[22],"to":[23,36,94,115,131],"vicinity":[25],"have":[29],"been":[30],"recently":[31],"in":[32],"spotlight":[34],"due":[35],"physical":[38],"realization":[39],"prospects.":[40],"However,":[41],"current":[42],"adversarial":[43,109],"detection":[44,145],"methods":[45],"generally":[46],"suffer":[47],"severe":[48],"performance":[49,146],"degradation":[50],"against":[51,147],"region-constrained":[55,151],"perturbation.":[56,152],"To":[57,119],"solve":[58],"this":[59,103],"problem,":[60],"we":[61,79,105],"treated":[62],"as":[65],"low-probability":[66],"samples":[67,90,124],"incompatible":[68],"clean":[71,89,123],"dataset.":[72],"With":[73],"help":[75],"energy-based":[77,108],"models,":[78],"captured":[80],"an":[81,107],"inherent":[82],"energy":[83,127],"gap":[84],"between":[85],"and":[88,125],"that":[91,138],"is":[92],"robust":[93],"changes":[96],"region.":[100],"Inspired":[101],"by":[102],"discovery,":[104],"propose":[106],"detector,":[110],"which":[111],"requires":[112],"no":[113],"modification":[114],"a":[116],"pretrained":[117,134],"model.":[118,135],"better":[120],"distinguish":[121],"AEs,":[126],"regularization":[128],"was":[129],"adopted":[130],"fine-tune":[132],"Experiments":[136],"demonstrated":[137],"proposed":[140],"method":[141],"significantly":[142],"boosts":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}