{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4211129314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030785","title":"An Investigation of a Multidimensional CNN Combined with an Attention Mechanism Model to Resolve Small-Sample Problems in Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"An Investigation of a Multidimensional CNN Combined with an Attention Mechanism Model to Resolve Small-Sample Problems in Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4211129314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030785"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14030785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030785","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/785/pdf?version=1644456367","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/785/pdf?version=1644456367","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017182206","display_name":"Jinxiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9613-7762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinxiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079094554","display_name":"Kefei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9376-1148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU","CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kefei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bei-Stars Geospatial Information Innovation Institute, Nanjing 210000, China","Satellite Positioning for Atmosphere, Climate and Environment (SPACE) Research Center, School of Science (SSCI), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia","School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bei-Stars Geospatial Information Innovation Institute, Nanjing 210000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Satellite Positioning for Atmosphere, Climate and Environment (SPACE) Research Center, School of Science (SSCI), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010638698","display_name":"Suqin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0994-402X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suqin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101814789","display_name":"Hongtao Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-4363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongtao Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031185961","display_name":"Yindi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7883-9506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yindi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100570078","display_name":"Yaqin Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaqin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016686256","display_name":"Huifu Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2267-9205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huifu Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113695607","display_name":"Erjiang Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erjiang Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bei-Stars Geospatial Information Innovation Institute, Nanjing 210000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bei-Stars Geospatial Information Innovation Institute, Nanjing 210000, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079094554"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504","https://openalex.org/I82951845"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.1826,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94706481,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"785","last_page":"785"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9258000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.7721810340881348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7593286037445068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7418488264083862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7024130821228027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7019164562225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.579800546169281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5682793855667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14049023389816284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.7721810340881348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7593286037445068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7418488264083862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7024130821228027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7019164562225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.579800546169281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5682793855667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14049023389816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14030785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030785","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/785/pdf?version=1644456367","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:25cd76b099644b5fa0c1cb88a73c0e13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/25cd76b099644b5fa0c1cb88a73c0e13","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 3, p 785 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/3/785/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 3; Pages: 785","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14030785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030785","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/785/pdf?version=1644456367","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4211129314.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4211129314.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966580635","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2572303978","https://openalex.org/W2766528611","https://openalex.org/W2772452219","https://openalex.org/W2884060925","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2901117552","https://openalex.org/W2904698365","https://openalex.org/W2914331134","https://openalex.org/W2922509574","https://openalex.org/W2928182459","https://openalex.org/W2944413439","https://openalex.org/W2950266692","https://openalex.org/W2962702700","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2963946985","https://openalex.org/W2972939024","https://openalex.org/W2987475181","https://openalex.org/W2991844793","https://openalex.org/W2998784361","https://openalex.org/W3002674187","https://openalex.org/W3012145520","https://openalex.org/W3035502324","https://openalex.org/W3036016333","https://openalex.org/W3037490781","https://openalex.org/W3040978759","https://openalex.org/W3075397214","https://openalex.org/W3086507804","https://openalex.org/W3105357426","https://openalex.org/W3119855172","https://openalex.org/W3119886183","https://openalex.org/W3124739931","https://openalex.org/W3126650370","https://openalex.org/W3132859298","https://openalex.org/W3138725786","https://openalex.org/W3166176699","https://openalex.org/W3211463094","https://openalex.org/W6679926569","https://openalex.org/W6764118917","https://openalex.org/W6772518260","https://openalex.org/W6803424498"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W4230131218","https://openalex.org/W2404757046","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W4313014865","https://openalex.org/W2019190440"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,137,154,187,226,253,276,296],"convolutional":[1,70,93,112,121,145],"neural":[2],"network":[3],"(CNN)":[4],"method":[5],"has":[6,244,308],"been":[7],"widely":[8,110],"used":[9,111,141,223],"in":[10,289,315],"the":[11,18,23,59,80,87,108,131,143,171,174,197,232,240,245,273,279,286,300,309],"classification":[12,25,54,152,160,194,202],"of":[13,22,56,61,84,134,150,189,204,231,239,266,272,278,291,302],"hyperspectral":[14],"images":[15],"(HSIs).":[16],"However,":[17],"efficiency":[19,247,293],"and":[20,90,98,164,185,207,212,228,294,305],"accuracy":[21,128,265],"HSI":[24,151,220,316],"are":[26,32,235],"inevitably":[27],"degraded":[28],"when":[29,217],"small":[30],"samples":[31],"available.":[33],"This":[34],"study":[35,118,191],"proposes":[36],"a":[37,67,120],"multidimensional":[38,303],"CNN":[39,57,251],"model":[40,139,156,199,234,255],"named":[41],"MDAN,":[42,260],"which":[43,243,261],"is":[44,72,140,157,167,257,283],"constructed":[45],"with":[46,142,173],"an":[47,52,103,263],"attention":[48,114,135,254,306],"mechanism,":[49],"to":[50,126,237,285],"achieve":[51],"ideal":[53],"performance":[55,149,166,277],"within":[58],"framework":[60],"few-shot":[62],"learning.":[63],"In":[64],"this":[65,117,190],"model,":[66],"three-dimensional":[68],"(3D)":[69],"layer":[71,146],"carried":[73],"out":[74],"for":[75,147,159,209,224,312],"obtaining":[76],"spatial\u2013spectral":[77],"features":[78,100],"from":[79,196],"3D":[81,181],"volumetric":[82],"data":[83,221],"HSI.":[85],"Subsequently,":[86],"two-dimensional":[88],"(2D)":[89],"one-dimensional":[91],"(1D)":[92],"layers":[94],"further":[95],"learn":[96],"spatial":[97],"spectral":[99],"efficiently":[101],"at":[102],"abstract":[104],"level.":[105],"Based":[106],"on":[107],"most":[109],"block":[113,122],"module":[115,124],"(CBAM),":[116],"investigates":[119],"self-attention":[123],"(CBSM)":[125],"improve":[127],"by":[129,169],"changing":[130],"connection":[132],"ways":[133],"blocks.":[136],"CBSM":[138,256],"2D":[144,179],"better":[148],"purposes.":[153],"MDAN":[155,233],"applied":[158],"applications":[161],"using":[162],"HSI,":[163],"its":[165],"evaluated":[168],"comparing":[170],"results":[172,195,297],"support":[175],"vector":[176],"machine":[177],"(SVM),":[178],"CNN,":[180,182,184,242],"3D\u20132D\u20131D":[183,241],"CBAM.":[186],"findings":[188],"indicate":[192],"that":[193,271,299],"MADN":[198],"show":[200,298],"overall":[201,264],"accuracies":[203],"97.34%,":[205],"96.43%,":[206],"92.23%":[208],"Salinas,":[210],"WHU-Hi-HanChuan,":[211],"Pavia":[213],"University":[214],"datasets,":[215],"respectively,":[216],"only":[218],"1%":[219,268],"were":[222],"training.":[225],"training":[227],"testing":[229],"times":[230],"close":[236],"those":[238],"highest":[246],"among":[248],"all":[249],"comparative":[250],"models.":[252],"introduced":[258],"into":[259],"achieves":[262],"about":[267],"higher":[269],"than":[270],"CBAM":[274],"model.":[275],"two":[280],"proposed":[281],"methods":[282],"superior":[284],"other":[287],"models":[288],"terms":[290],"both":[292],"accuracy.":[295],"combination":[301],"CNNs":[304],"mechanisms":[307],"best":[310],"ability":[311],"small-sample":[313],"problems":[314],"classification.":[317]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2022-02-13T00:00:00"}